ISF regulated pest list database

The ISF regulated pest list database provides a scientific basis to regulating specific pest-crop combination and to limit the regulation of pests to those that are justified. This database is constructed on a thorough scientific assessment of whether seed is a pathway for the entry, establishment and spread of pests that are regulated. The database includes all types of regulated pests with the exception of invasive plants and noxious weeds.

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The database is a “living document” subject to periodic review and updates based on feedback from users and changes in national phytosanitary regulations for seed. If you think some of the information related to a pest is incorrect or incomplete or needs updating, click on the green arrow on the right-hand side of the relevant row to inform the ISF Secretariat. Your feedback will be used to improve the database, if deemed necessary.

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The ISF regulated pest list database is updated as and when more pest lists are completed or new information are available. It is not expected that changes will be notified. In case of any litigation, ISF will not be held liable for the use of the database.

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ISF regulated pest list database, https://pestlist.worldseed.org/public/pestlist.jsp [last accessed on Day Month Year]

 

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Abelmoschus esculentus Allium cepa Brassica spp. Capsicum annuum Citrullus lanatus Cucumis melo Cucumis sativus Cucurbita spp. Daucus carota Lactuca sativa Phaseolus vulgaris Pisum sativum Solanum lycopersicum Solanum melongena Spinacia oleracea Zea mays	Bean Brassica Carrot Cucumber Eggplant Lettuce Maize Melon Okra Onion Pea Pepper Spinach Squash and pumpkin Tomato Watermelon				Bacterium Chromista Fungus Insect Mite Mollicute (spiroplasma, phytoplasma) Nematode Oomycete Viroid Virus	No Not a host Pathway not proven Yes Yes, but crop not a host			Yes No				Yes No
		Pest				Pest classification			Detection				Risk mitigation
Species	Crop	Scientific Name	Additional Info	Complementary Info	Type	Is seed a pathway in this crop?	References	Remarks	Is there a seed test?	If yes, type of test	References	Remarks	Can the pest be managed by seed treatment(s)?	If yes, what type(s)?	References	Remarks
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Alternaria spp.	Common species: A. alternata, A. dianthi, A. hibiscina, A. zinniae Commone names: Alternaria leaf spot, Pod spot		Fungus	No	15-1, 15-2, 15-3, 15-4, 15-5, 15-6, 15-7, 15-8, 15-9, 15-10, 15-31, 15-111, 15-149	Alternaria spp. are mainly saprophytic fungi that are commonly found in soil or on decaying plant tissues (15-149). It has a wide host range with a worldwide distribution (15-149). Alternaria spp. can cause seed-borne disease or post-harvest disease in okra (15-1, 15-7, 15-31). Several Alternaria species (A. alternata, A. dianthi, A. hibiscinum, A. zinniae) causes leaf and pod spot diseases of okra (15-1, 15-2, 15-3, 15-4, 15-5, 15-6, 15-10, 15-111) and most of them have been found associated with okra seed (15-1, 15-7, 15-8, 15-9). However, among these species, seed is described as a pathway for only A. alternata (species not regulated) in okra (15-8). Since the particular species of Alternaria was not specified, it cannot be concluded that Alternaria spp. in general are seed-transmitted in okra nor that seed is a pathway. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Alternaria spp. on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Athelia rolfsii	Common names: Sclerotium rot, Southern blight	Synonyms: Botryobasidium rolfsii, Corticium centrifugum, C. rolfsii, Hypochnus centrifugus, Pellicularia rolfsii, Sclerotium rolfsii (anamorph)	Fungus	No	15-13, 15-14, 15-112	A. rolfsii has an extensive host range; at least 500 species in 100 families are susceptible (15-14, 15-112). A. rolfsii is an important soil-borne pathogen that causes stem rot disease/blight disease on plants, including field, vegetable, fruit, and ornamental crops (15-13). A. rolfsii can overwinter as mycelium in infected tissues or plant debris and usually persist as sclerotia. Sclerotia are disseminated by cultural practices (infested soil and contaminated tools), infested transplant seedlings, water, wind (15-14). It has been reported to cause southern blight disease in okra (15-14), however, there are no references indicating seed as a pathway for A. rolfsii on okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. rolfsii on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus	Common names: Okra yellow vein mosaic, Yellow vein mosaic disease	Synonyms: Bhendi yellow vein India virus, Bhendi yellow vein mosaic begomovirus, Okra yellow vein mosaic agent, Okra yellow vein mosaic virus	Virus	No	15-15, 15-16, 15-113, 15-114	Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) is a begomovirus that causes typically yellow vein mosaic on okra and is transmitted naturally by whitefly Bemisia tabaci (15-15, 15-113, 15-114). BYMV was detected from all parts of okra plants including, vegetative and reproductive parts of the flowers as well as in seeds. However, in grow-out test, seedlings showed no symptoms and they tested negative by PCR. It was concluded that BYVMV can be present in the seed, however, it is not seed transmitted (15-16). Another paper reported that BYVMV is neither sap nor seed transmissible (15-113). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for BYVMV on okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of BYVMV on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Callosobruchus spp.	Common species of pulses: C. maculatus Common names: Chinese bruchid, Cowpea bruchid, Pulse beetle		Insect	Not a host	15-17, 15-18, 15-141	The genus Callosobruchus belongs to the order Coleoptera and subfamily Bruchidae (15-17, 15-18). There are quite a number of species belonging to this genus but C. maculatus is one of the major and primary pest of stored pulses (15-17). Callosobruchus spp. is an internal feeder and a pest of pulses both in the field at the time of harvest and in storage (15-141). The grub makes a hole inside the grain which causes heavy damage that reduces the quality. There is a risk that the beetles might be carried along with the seed but some studies suggested using physical methods (i.e. temperature treatment of grains/seeds, UV exposure, etc.) to effectively eradicate the pest (15-18). However, Callosobruchus spp. is not a host of okra. No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for Callosobruchus spp. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Callosobruchus spp. on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Caulophilus spp.	Common species: C. oryzae Common name: Broad-nosed grain weevil	Synonyms: Caulophilus latinasus, Rhyncolus oryzae	Insect	Not a host	15-19, 15-20, 15-106	Caulophilus is a genus of true weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae (15-19). There are more than 20 described species in Caulophilus but the most common is C. oryzae (syn. C. latinasus), which is predominantly a pest of stored grains (15-20, 15-106). It does not feed on whole grain or any seed that is dry and hard but on grain that has been damaged (15-20, 15-106). True seeds including the grains are among the plant parts liable to carry this pest in trade or transport. However, Caulophilus spp. is not a host of okra. No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for Caulophilus spp. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Caulophilus spp. on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Cercospora malayensis	Commone name: Cercospora leaf spot		Fungus	No	15-21, 15-23, 15-24, 15-115, 15-116, 15-117	C. malayensis is a foliar pathogen causing leaf spot disease in okra and Hibiscus spp. mostly in Asia (15-21, 15-23, 15-24). The fungus survives through conidia and stromata on crop debris in soil (15-115, 15-116, 15-117). No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for C. malayensis. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. malayensis on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Choanephora cucurbitarum	Common names: Blight of cowpea, Blossom and fruit blight, Choanephora flower and fruit rot	Synonyms: Choanephorella cucurbitarum, Choanephora simsonii, Cunninghamella mandshurica, Mucor curtus, Rhopalomyces cucurbitarum, and more	Fungus	No	15-25, 15-26, 15-27, 15-118, 15-119	C. cucurbitarum causes flower and fruit rot and is a common disease of many vegetable crops including beans, cantaloupe, eggplant, okra, peas, pumpkin and squash (15-25, 15-26, 15-27, 15-118, 15-119). One report describes C. cucurbitarum as seed-borne in okra (15-25); the fungus was isolated from infested okra seeds using PDA and Blotter methods. The seed-borne isolate of C. cucurbitarum was pathogenic to non-detached flowers and wounded fruit but not unwounded fruit and seedlings. Seed-transmission has not been established. There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. cucurbitarum in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. cucurbitarum on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Colletotrichum spp.	Common species: Colletotrichum dematium, C. gloeosporioides, C. hibisci, C. plurivorum, C. truncatum Common name: Anthracnose	Synonyms of C. dematium: Exosporium dematium, Lasiella dematium, Sphaeria dematium, Vermicularia dematium Synonyms of C. truncatum: Colletotrichum capsici, C. dematium f. truncatum and more	Fungus	No	15-1, 15-11, 15-12, 15-22, 15-28, 15-29, 15-30, 15-31, 15-116	Colletotrichum spp. are broad-range pathogens; many species can infect a single host, and single species can infect diverse hosts (15-22). In okra, reported species are: C. dematium, C. hibisci, C. gloeosporioides, C. pluvivorum, C. truncatum. Among these species, only C. dematium has been demonstrated to be seed-borne (15-1, 15-11, 15-30, 15-31, 15-116) in okra (15-28, 15-29). One paper dated 1985 (15-29) reported that C. dematium is seed-transmitted in okra (abstract), however the full paper could not be access and no other references could be found. Germination failure, abnormal and diseased seedlings of okra infected with several seed borne fungi, including C. dematium was reported (15-28). However, it is not known which fungal species is/are responsible for these symptoms. Furthermore, it was not further validated. Since the particular species of Colletotrichum was not specified, it cannot be concluded that Colletotrichum spp. in general are seed-transmitted in okra nor that seed is a pathway. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Colletotrichum spp. in general on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Cotton leaf curl virus	Common name: Cotton leaf curl disease (caused by several virus species, see remark) Virus species associated with Cotton leaf curl disease and reported in Okra: Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV) and Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV)		Virus	No	15-32, 15-33, 15-34, 15-35, 15-36, 15-37, 15-38, 15-39, 15-40, 15-121, 15-146	Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) is not a recognized virus species as per ICTV. CLCuV was the initial name given to the virus causing cotton leaf curl disease in cotton (15-146). However, the disease is caused by different viruses belonging to the genus begomovirus, namely Cotton leaf curl Alahabad virus (CLCuAlV), Cotton leaf curl Bangalore virus (CLCuBaV), Cotton leaf curl Barasat virus (CLCuBarV), Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV), Cotton leaf curl Kokharan virus (CLCuKoV), and Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) (15-37, 15-38, 15-39). These viruses are transmitted by whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (15-37, 15-38, 15-39) and Cotton leaf curl disease is not seed-borne. Among these viruses, CLCuGeV has been reported to cause yellow mosaic and leaf curl in okra from different countries (15-32, 15-33, 15-34, 15-35, 15-36, 15-40) and CLCuMuV was detected in okra cultivated within a cotton field in China (15-121). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for CLCuGeV and CLCuMuV on okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CLCuV, nor CLCuGeV and CLCuMuV on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Cucumber mosaic virus	Common names: Mosaic disease, Wart disease of cucumber		Virus	No	15-41, 15-42, 15-43, 15-105, 15-122, 15-123, 15-124, 15-125	Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the plant viruses with a very wide host range and is known to occur worldwide (15-42, 15-43, 15-105, 15-122). This virus is readily transmitted mechanically and by many aphid vectors, its main mode of transmission (15-105,). CMV has been reported to be seed-borne in a number of hosts and it is seed transmitted with varying efficiencies on several hosts (15-105, 15-124, 15-125). Although okra has been reported as host of CMV (15-41), there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for CMV in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CMV on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum	Common name: Fusarium wilt		Fungus	No	15-1, 15-10, 15-44, 15-45, 15-46, 15-116, 15-126	F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum causes wilt in okra and cotton (15-45, 15-46) and is mainly a soil-borne fungus (15-1, 15-46, 15-116, 15-126). The seed-borne nature of the fungus has been reported in two old references with losses in dry weight of infected seeds of 20.3-24.2% (15-10, 15-44). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Golovinomyces orontii	Common name: Powdery mildew	Synonyms: Erysiphe cichoracearum, E. polyphaga, E. orontii, Euoidium lini, Oidium begoniae, O. lini, and many more	Fungus	No	15-50, 15-116	G. orontii is a common plurivorous powdery mildew species with a wide host range and a worldwide distribution, usually occurring as asexual morph (15-50). The disease is characterized by white coating of fungal mycelium on lower and upper leaf surface. The white coating on the leaf surface is often composed of spores which are easily blown by winds to nearby susceptible plants (15-116). No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for G. orontii. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of G. orontii on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Helicoverpa zea	Common names: American bollworm, Corn earworm, Okra pod worm	Synonyms: Chloridea obsoleta, Heliothis armigera, H. ochracea, H. umbrosa, H. zea, Ombyx obsoleta, Phalaena zea	Insect	No	15-51	H. zea, the corn earworm, also known as the okra podworm, tomato fruitworm, or cotton bollworm, attacks many vegetable crops including okra (15-51). The worm preferentially feeds on flowers and fruits of the host (15-51). Potential pathways for H. zea are cut flowers, fruits, plants for planting with and without soil attached and soil/growing media (excluding seeds) (15-51). Although okra is a known host of H. zea (15-51), there are no references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for H. zea. Available information indicates that there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. zea on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Liriomyza trifolii	Common name: Serpentine leaf miner	Synonyms: Agromyza phaseolunata, Liriomyza alliivora, L. phaseolunata, Oscinis trifolii	Insect	No	15-52, 15-53, 15-142	The serpentine leafminer, L. trifolii has a wide host range including many horticulture crops (e.g. okra) in which it can cause significant yield losses and quality reductions (15-52, 15-53). The pest is mainly reported from families Alliaceae, Cucurbitacae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae and Solanacae (15-142). It is widespread and is present in America, Asia, Africa, Europe and some Pacific islands (15-52, 15-53). Liriomyza leafminers are considered to have invaded countries via the movement of infested plants (generally ornamentals) (15-52, 15-53). The larvae feed and mine in the parenchymatous tissue of the youngest leaves. The puparia remain undeveloped in the soil during the coldest periods (15-142). There are no expected pathways for leafminer spread by the movement of seed and there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for L. trifolii in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. trifolii on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Macrophomina phaseolina	Common names: Charcoal rot, Collar rot, Dieback, Dry rot, Fruit rot, Seedling blight	Synonyms: Botryodiplodia phaseoli, Dothiorella cajani, Macrophoma cajani, M. corchori, M. phaseolina, M. sesami, Macrophomina phaseoli, M. philippines, Rhizoctonia bataticola, R.lamellifera, Sclerotium bataticola, and more	Fungus	Yes	15-7, 15-8, 15-28, 15-29, 15-54, 15-55, 15-56, 15-96, 15-116, 15-127, 15-128, 15-152	M. phaseolina is a soil-borne fungus with a very wide host range and a worldwide distribution (15-96, 15-152). The fungus causes several diseases in okra including root and collar rot, dieback and fruit rot (15-29, 15-54, 15-55). Naturally infected seeds of okra with M. phaseolina appear brown to black. The fungus was found to be present in the seed coat and embryo (15-7, 15-8, 15-28, 15-56, 15-116, 15-127, 15-128). Seed is a known pathway for M. phaseolina in okra. A quality system approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections, and/or testing of a representative sample of each seed lot, and careful selection of pods during commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	15-7, 15-8, 15-28, 15-30, 15-96, 15-127, 15-134, 15-152	The standard ISTA methods for the detection of seed-borne fungi (e.g. blotter, agar plating, deep freezing) were used for the detection of M. phaseolina on okra seed (15-7, 15-8, 15-28, 15-30, 15-127). Molecular methods (e.g. conventional PCR, real-time PCR) using pure culture of M. phaseolina isolated from vegetable plants including okra are available (15-96, 15-134, 15-152).	Yes	Biopesticide (seed disinfection), Chemical (seed disinfection), Physical	15-11, 15-12, 15-30, 15-31, 15-55	Seed treatment with 1% NaOCl for 5 min or soaking seeds in hot water at 48°C for 12 min or 50°C for 10 min could be used for minimizing the incidence of M. phaseolina and other seed-borne fungi (15-31); Infection of M. phaseolina and other seed-borne fungi was reduced using seeds treated with Vitavax-200 (15-11), plant extracts (15-12, 15-30) and the fungus, Trichoderma spp. (15-55).
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Meloidogyne spp.	Common species: M. arenaria, M. enterolobii, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica Common names: Root-knot nematode, Northern root-knot nematode (M. hapla), Peanut root-knot nematode (M. arenaria), Southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita), Sugarcane root-knot nematode (M. javanica)	Synonym of M. enterolobii: Meloidogyne mayaguensis	Nematode	No	15-57, 15-58, 15-59, 15-129	Okra is susceptible to several root-knot nematodes species including M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. hapla (15-58) and M. enterelobii (15-57, 15-59). Root-knot nematodes only affect the roots of the susceptible hosts (15-57). Eggs may remain inside root tissue or may be released into the soil matrix. Under favorable conditions, root-knot nematode eggs have been reported to survive for at least one year in the soil (15-129). Long distance dispersal is via soil and surface water particularly irrigation. There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Meloidogyne spp. on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Okra enation leaf curl virus	Common name: Enation leaf curl disease		Virus	No	15-60, 15-61, 15-62, 15-63, 15-130	Okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCV) is a Begomovirus that causes okra enation leaf curl disease characterized by upward leaf curling, vein swelling and enations (15-61, 15-62, 15-63). It is one of the major constraints in okra production particularly in India (15-62). It is known to be transmitted by whitefly, its main mode of transmission (15-60, 15-62, 15-63). OELCV can also be transmitted by grafting (15-130). Seed transmission or transmission through mechanical inoculation has not yet been established (15-62, 15-130). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for OELCV in okra. Available information indicates that there is no scientific basis for regulation of OELCV on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Okra leaf curl virus	Common name: Leaf curl disease		Virus	No	15-64, 15-65, 15-66, 15-67, 15-131	Okra leaf curl virus (OLCV) is not a recognized species of virus as per ICTV, although there are some reports using this virus name when identified in okra with leaf curl symptoms (15-66, 15-67). However, there is an ICTV-recognized virus named Okra leaf curl Oman virus (OLCOV) which is a member of Begomovirus that causes okra leaf curl disease in okra (15-64). Okra plants infected with OLCOV show leaf curling, distortion, mosaic, yellow mosaic and stunting (15-64). OLCV is transmitted via whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) but not through okra seed nor mechanical inoculation (15-65, 15-131). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for OLCV nor OLCOV in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of OLCV (nor OLCOV) on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Okra mosaic virus		Synonym: Okra mosaic tymovirus	Virus	No	15-68, 15-69, 15-70, 15-71, 15-72, 15-73, 15-132	Okra mosaic virus (OkMV) is a member of Tymovirus that causes chlorosis, mosaic and vein banding on okra leaves (15-68, 15-72, 15-73). OkMV is transmitted mechanically and by the beetle vectors under Podagrica genus such P. decolorata, P. sjostedti and P. uniforma (15-69, 15-70, 15-71, 15-132). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for OkMV in okra. Available information indicates that there is no scientific basis for regulation of OkMV on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina	Common name: Blue mold of tobacco	Synonyms: Peronospora effusa var. hyoscyami, Peronospora hyoscyami, P. nicotianae, P. tabacina	Oomycete	Not a host	15-74, 15-133	P. hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina is an oomycete that infects tobacco (15-74). Earlier publication (15-133) listed a wider host range for the fungus as some fungal names were considered as synonymas but have now been classified as separate species. The pathogen is not known to infect okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Phoma spp.	Common species: Phoma exigua (now called Boeremia exigua), Phoma glomerata (now called Didymella glomerata), P. sabdariffae Common name: Boeremia spot disease	Synonyms of Phoma exigua: Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma exigua var. solanicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta hydrangeae	Fungus	No	15-7, 15-75, 15-76, 15-77, 15-110, 15-135	Phoma spp. constitutes a diverse group of organisms that are ubiquitous; generally found in soil, organic matter, plants, and water sources (15-110). Phoma exigua (now called Boeremia exigua) has been recorded to cause Boeremia spot of okra in Brazil and China (15-75, 15-76, 15-77). P. exigua was also isolated from okra seed in India (15-77). Phoma glomerata (now called Didymella glomerata), P. sabdariffae and Phoma sp. were isolated from okra seeds in Pakistan (15-7, 15-135). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Phoma spp., P. exigua, P. glomerata and P. sabdariffae in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Phoma spp., P. exigua (i.e. Boeremia exigua), P. glomerata (i.e. Didymella glomerata) or P. sabdariffae on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Phomopsis longicolla	Common names: Phomopsis seed decay, Seed decay of soybean	Synonym: Diaporthe longicolla	Fungus	No	15-78, 15-79, 15-80, 15-116, 15-136	P. longicolla is a seed-borne fungus causing Phomopsis seed decay in soybean (Glycine max) (15-78, 15-79). Phomopsis sp. is associated with different colored seeds (black colored seeds) of okra (15-116, 15-136), however, the species were not identified. Okra has been included as a host (15-80) on a factsheet on the Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex involving several diseases, including Phomopsis seed decay. No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for P. longicolla or Phomopsis spp. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. longicolla on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Phenacoccus solenopsis	Common name: Cotton mealybug	Synonyms: Phenacoccus cevalliae, P. gossypiphilous	Insect	No	15-81, 15-82, 15-143, 15-144, 15-145	P. solenopsis, commonly known as the cotton or solenopsis mealybug, is highly polyphagous, feeding on approximately 300 plant species in 65 botanical families (15-81). P. solenopsis causes severe losses to different crops worldwide; significant economic damage occurs on cotton, eggplant, okra, tomato, sesame, sunflower and China rose (15-143, 15-144, 15-145). The cotton mealybug adult and nymph suck the cell sap from the leaves, fruit, twigs and roots. Spread is by crawlers and adults in rain and wind, and on clothing and machinery. Long distance spread is associated with the movement of nursery stock, domestically and internationally. Potential pathways for P. solenopsis includes ornamentals cut flowers, tubers, bulbs, leafy vegetables but not seeds (15-81). Although okra is a known host of P. solenopsis (15-82), there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. solenopsis in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. solenopsis on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Pseudocercospora abelmoschi	Commone names: Brown leaf mold, Cercospora leaf spot, Leaf spot of okra	Synonyms: Cercospora abelmoschi, C. hibisci, C. hibisci-manihotis, Pseudocercospora hibisci	Fungus	No	15-83, 15-147, 15-148	P. abelmoschi causes leaf spot in okra (15-83), however, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. abelmoschi in okra. P. abelmoschi survives and overwinters on infected plants debris in the soil. The spores are spread via wind, rain, irrigation and mechanical tools (15-147). The disease may cause severe problem in seed crop causing smaller fruits and shriveled seeds (15-148). Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. abelmoschi on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae	Common name: Bacterial leaf bright, Bacterial canker or blast (stone and pome fruits)	Synonyms: Pseudomonas cerasi, P. citrarefaciens, P. citriputealis, P. hibisci, P. holci, P. japonica, P. matthiolae, P. medicaginis, P. nectarophila, P. oryzicola, P. prunicola, P. spongiosa, P. syringae, P. trifoliorum, P. utiformica, P. vignae, Phytomonas syringae and many more	Bacterium	No	15-84, 15-85, 15-137	P. syringae pv. syringae is part of the Pseudomonas syringae species complex that causes diseases of hundreds of species of monocots, herbaceous dicots and woody dicots worldwide (15-84). P. syringae pv. syringae causes bacterial leaf blight disease in okra (15-85). The bacterium was detected from asymptomatic, bold discolored and heavily discolored okra seeds (15-85). Another paper reported that infected okra seeds were smaller, irregularly shaped, chestnut colored and strongly fluorescent under UV light (15-137). The seed-borne nature of P. syringae pv. syringae has been described in okra (15-85).However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. syringae pv. syringae in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. syringae on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Pythium spp.	Common species: Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum Common name: Damping-off		Fungus	No	15-86, 15-87, 15-88, 15-116, 15-138, 15-139	Pythium spp. are soil-borne pathogens that cause damping-off, root rot and stem rot diseases of a wide range of hosts (15-88) including okra (15-86, 15-87, 15-116, 15-138, 15-139). P. aphanidermatum and P. ultimatum have been isolated from okra (15-138, 15-139). No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for Pythium spp. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Pythium spp. on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Rhizoctonia spp.	Common species: R. solani Common name: Charcoal and root rot, Damping-off, Rhizoctonia root rot, Root rot	Synonyms of R. solani: Botryobasidium solani, Ceratobasidium filamentosum, C. praticola, C. solani, Corticium praticola, C. sasakii, C. solani, C. vagum, Hypochus cucumeris, H. filamentosus, H. sasakii, H. solani, Moniliopsis solani, Pellicularia filamentosa, P. praticola, P. sasakii, P. solani, Rhizoctonia aderholdii, R. betae, R. dimorpha, R. fusca, R. gossypii, R. macrosclerotia, R. melongenae, R. napae, R. potomacensis, Sclerotium irregulare, Thanatephorus cucumeris, T. praticola, T. sasakii and more	Fungus	No	15-1, 15-25, 15-31, 15-89, 15-90, 15-108, 15-116, 15-136, 15-140	Rhizoctonia species are soil-borne fungi, most of which are pathogenic. The pathogenic species infect a wide range of hosts worldwide, causing foliar and root rot diseases (15-140). Rhizoctonia species found associated with okra is R. solani, a complex of species (15-108). R. solani causes seed decay, damping-off, seed and root rot and fruit rot symptoms (15-1, 15-25, 15-31, 15-89, 15-90, 15-116, 15-136). The fungus is associated with different colored seeds (black colored seeds) (15-116, 15-136). R. solani is listed as one of the seed-borne pathogens of okra and is commonly found associated with okra seeds during postharvest (15-1, 15-90). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. solani and Rhizoctonia spp. in general in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. solani and Rhizoctonia spp. in general on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum	Common names: Pod rot, White mould	Synonyms: Peziza sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia libertiana, Sclerotium varium, Whetzelinia sclerotiorum	Fungus	No	15-91, 15-92, 15-93, 15-94	S. sclerotiorum is a soil-borne fungus that causes flower blights, stem rots, fruit rots, head blight, crown rots and basal stem infection of numerous hosts (15-91, 15-93, 15-94). Sclerotia are able to survive between crop cycles (15-94). In okra, S. sclerotiorum is reported to cause pod rot (15-92), however, no references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for S. sclerotiorum. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. sclerotiorum on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Spodoptera spp.	Common species: Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera praefica Common names: Armyworm, Beet armyworm		Insect	No	15-95, 15-97, 15-98, 15-99, 15-100	Spodoptera species, commonly known as armyworms, belong to the Noctuidae (15-95, 15-99, 15-100). The most important pests of okra is S. exigua which has also been reported in many other plant species (15-95, 15-97). The larvae feed on the foliage of plants and can completely defoliate at the early stage of the crop (15-95). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. exigua in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Spodoptera spp. on okra seed.
Abelmoschus esculentus	Okra	Trogoderma spp.	Common species: Trogoderma granarium Common names: Cabinet beetle, Khapra beetle	Synonyms of T. granarium: Trogoderma afrum, T. khapra, T. quinquefasciata	Insect	No	15-101, 15-102, 15-103, 15-104, 15-107, 15-109	The genus Trogoderma is the only phytophagous member of the family Dermestidae, a group of small beetles (15-101). Different Trogoderma species have been associated with stored products; however, T. granarium is by far the most important in terms of pest. Trogoderma particularly T. granarium (Khapra beetle) is a storage pest of cereal grains, oilseeds and other vegetable seeds (15-101, 15-104). The adult beetle does not bore into host material but young larvae feed on damaged seed and older larvae on whole grains (15-101). There is a risk that bettles might be carried along with the seeds but treatment such as chemical, biopesticide or heat to kill the pest (15-101, 15-104, 15-107). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Trogoderma spp. in okra. Another reference (15-103) list okra as a host of T. grassmani, however the original source could no tbe retrieved. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Trogoderma spp. on okra seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Colletotrichum circinans		Synonym: Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. circinans	Fungus	No	2-5, 2-37	C. circinans is the causal agent of smudge on onion bulbs. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. circinans in onion. The fungus is soilborne and spread by infested plant material and soil. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. circinans on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pectobacterium rhapontici		Synonym: Erwinia rhapontici	Bacterium	No	2-45, 2-91, 2-92, 2-93	E. rhapontici is a wound pathogen that is known to occur on onion. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. rhapontici in onion. Seed can be a pathway in peas and bean. The pathogen is also the causal agent of bulb rot in garlic. In experiments with naturally infected seeds of pea or artificially inoculated seeds of bean and wheat, E. rhapontici did not establish systemic infection throughout the plants. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. rhapontici on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Ditylenchus destructor			Nematode	No	2-86, 2-87, 2-88	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. destrutor in onion. Onion can be a host but it is potato that is mainly affected. True seeds (including grains) are not known to carry the pest. Experimentally it was shown that onion bulbs can be affected. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. destructor on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Embellisia allii			Fungus	No	2-112, 2-113, 2-165	E. allii has been reported on onion but there are no references indicating seed as a pathway for E. allii in onion. Causal agent of skin blotch and bulb canker in garlic. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. allii on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Eumerus strigatus			Insect	No	2-114, 2-115, 2-160	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for E. strigatus on onion. Damage on onion is limited. Narcissus fly or onion bulb fly mainly causes damage on hyacinth, narcissus and tulips. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. trigatus on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Eumerus tuberculatus			Insect	No	2-114, 2-116, 2-117, 2-161	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for E. tuberculatus on onion. Lesser bulb flies are sometimes damaging to onion, narcissus, and hyacinth. Other hosts include shallots, garlic, iris, lilies, parsnips, potato tubers, amaryllis, cabbage roots. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. tuberculatus on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Frankliniella spp.			Insect	No	2-69, 2-70, 2-162, 2-163	Thrips can cause injury to onions and possibly vector Pantoea ananatis and Iris yellow spot virus in the field. However, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Frankliniella spp. on onion. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of thrips being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Frankliniella spp. on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae			Fungus	No	2-3, 2-119, 2-141	This fungus is the causal agent of basal rot and is commonly found in soil. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae on onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Fusarium tricinctum			Fungus	No	2-120, 2-141	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for F. tricinctum in onion. F. tricinctum is known to cause damping off and recently identified as a causal agent of pink rot (storage rot) of onion bulbs. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. tricinctum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV)			Virus	No	2-6, 2-53, 2-54, 2-172	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for IYSV in onion. This tospovirus is vectored by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci). Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of IYSV on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV)			Virus	No	2-54, 2-56, 2-173	Onion is not easily infected by LYSV. The main hosts for this potyvirus are leek, garlic and shallots. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for LYSV in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of LYSV on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Liriomyza trifolii			Insect	No	2-72, 2-164, 2-168	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for L. trifolii on onion. Leaf miners in onion and garlic belong to three related species L. huidobrensis, L. trifolii and L. sativae. Leaf miners are easily transported with plant material such as cut flowers, branches with foliage and leafy vegetables. Seed is not known as one of the plant materials for spread of leaf miners. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. trifolii on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Longidorus spp.	Common species: Longidorus elongatus		Nematode	No	2-4, 2-126, 2-141, 2-155	Longidorus africanis is the needle nematode species associated with disease of onion. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Longidorus spp. in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Longidorus spp. on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Meloidogyne graminicola			Nematode	No	2-4, 2-127, 2-151	The Dutch PPO PRA on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. on onion. The root-knot nematode has a worldwide distribution. M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. chitwoodi have been reported as parasites of onion and garlic. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. graminicola on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Meloidogyne incognita			Nematode	No	2-1, 2-4, 2-127, 2-151	The Dutch PPO PRA on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Meloidogyne incognita on onion. The root-knot nematode has a worldwide distribution. M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. chitwoodi have been reported as parasites of onion and garlic. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. incognita on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Meloidogyne spp.			Nematode	No	2-1, 2-4, 2-127, 2-151	The Dutch PPO PRA on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. on onion. The root-knot nematode has a worldwide distribution. M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. chitwoodi have been reported as parasites of onion and garlic. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Meloidogyne spp. on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Cornu aspersum		Synonym: Helix aspersa	Insect	No	2-71, 2-85	C. aspersum (the brown garden snail) can be a pest on onion plants, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. aspersum on onion. Normal harvesting, seed cleaning and sanitization of onion seed would reduce the threat of C. aspersum being associated with the seed. This mollusc can be transported long distances on plant material. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. aspersum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV)			Virus	No	2-1, 2-4, 2-41, 2-73, 2-133, 2-176, 2-177, 2-178	OYDV is a potyvirus that has a host range limited to various species of Allium, including onions. There is very limited information on seed as a pathway for this virus. One older reference indicates seed as a pathway based solely on visual observations. The presence of the virus was not verified by any testing methods. It is known that seed from plants infected with OYDV give rise to weak unhealthy plants. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for OYDV in onion. The virus is transmitted during vegetative propagation or by aphids (for instance Myzus persicae). Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of OYDV on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Delia antiqua		Synonym: Hylemia antiqua	Insect	No	2-4, 2-5	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. antiqua (the onion maggot) on onion seed. It overwinters as pupa in soil. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. antiqua on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Paratrichodorus spp.			Nematode	No	2-67, 2-141	P. allius, P. minor and P. teres have been reported on onion, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for these nematodes in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Paratrichodorus spp. on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pratylenchus penetrans			Nematode	No	2-57, 2-81, 2-141	Onion is known to be a host of P. penetrans, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. penetrans on onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. penetrans on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis			Bacterium	No	2-59, 2-79	P. marginalis pv marginalis is known to occur on onion, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway P. marginalis pv. marginalis in onion. Causal agent of stalk and leaf necrosis as well as bulb soft rot. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. marginalis pv. marginalis on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri			Bacterium	No	2-58, 2-77, 2-78	P. syringae pv. porri is known to occur on onion, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P syringae pv. porri in onion. This pathogen is known to be seed-borne in leek. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. porri on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pseudomonas viridiflava			Bacterium	No	2-1, 2-80, 2-141	P. viridiflava has been reported to occur on onion, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. viridiflava in onion. It is thought to be an opportunistic but weak pathogen. In the areas where this disease is a concern, an abundant local source of overwintering inoculum on soybeans is suspected to be a cause. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. viridiflava on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Puccinia asparagi			Fungus	No	2-4, 2-38, 2-39, 2-51	Onion can be a host of P. asparagi but it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. asparagi in onion. Causal agent of rust in asparagus. May also attack shallot and chives. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. asparagi on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pythium graminicola			Oomycete	No	2-1, 2-49, 2-141	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. graminicola in onion. The fungus is a ubiquitous soil-borne pest. Onion is a host especially at the seedling stage. Planting treated seed is important in dealing with the fungus in onion. No information could be found for this host-pest combination in literature since 1973. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. graminicola on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pythium irregulare			Oomycete	No	2-1, 2-49, 2-141	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. irregulare in onion. The fungus is a ubiquitous soil-borne pest. Planting treated seed is important in dealing with this fungus in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. irregulare on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pythium vexans			Oomycete	No	2-1, 2-49, 2-141	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. vexans in onion. The fungus is a ubiquitous soil-borne pest. Planting treated seed is important in dealing with this fungus in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. vexans on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum			Fungus	No	2-1, 2-31, 2-141, 2-183	Onion is known to be host of S. sclerotiorum. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. sclerotiorum in onion. Causal agent of Sclerotinia rot of onions. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. sclerotiorum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Sclerotium cepivorum			Fungus	No	2-83, 2-89	Allium spp. are the primary hosts of S. cepivorum. The fungus is ubiquitous in soil worldwide. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. cepivorum in onion. Causal agent of white rot of onion. Sclerotia of the fungus survive in soil for many years. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. cepivorum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Spodoptera littoralis			Insect	No	2-158, 2-159	The Egyptian cottonworm has a very wide host range including onion. No references were found indicating seed as a pathway for S. littoralis in onion. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should reduce the threat of this insect being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. littoralis on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Stegobium paniceum			Insect	No	2-1, 2-141, 2-157	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. paniceum in onion. Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle, biscuit beetle, bread beetle) is very common and found worldwide. It can cause damage on grains. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. paniceum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)			Virus	No	2-1, 2-85, 2-95, 2-141, 2-152, 2-153, 2-154, 2-182	Tomato black ring virus is reported to be soil borne and only rarely has onion been noted as a host. Older literature has been cited for seed as a pathway, however, those articles do not mention Allium cepa at all. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for TBRV in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TBRV on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Setophoma terrestris		Synonym: Phoma terrestris, Pyrenochaeta terrestris	Fungus	No	2-5, 2-48, 2-49	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. terrestris in onion. Causal agent of pink root of onion. The fungus survives in soil. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. terrestis on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Burkholderia cepacia		Synonym: Pseudomonas cepacia	Bacterium	No	2-5, 2-34, 2-35, 2-75	No references indicating seed as a pathway B. cepacia in onion. The bacterium causes sour skin of onion and is commonly isolated from soil and plants. The disease expresses itself when subject to poor cultural practices as well as wet weather, overhead irrigation and poorly cured (stored) bulbs. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. cepacia on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola		Synonym: Pseudomonas gladioli pv. alliicola	Bacterium	No	2-50, 2-76	No references indicating seed as a pathway for B. gladioli pv. alliicola in onion. The bacterium causes slippery skin of onions and is commonly isolated from soil and onion refuse. A wet environment is reported to be a major cause of an outbreak of disease. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. gladioli pv. alliicola on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Macrophomina phaseolina		Synonym: Sclerotium bataticola	Fungus	No	2-1, 2-4	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for M. phaseolina in onion. Causal agent of charcoal rot in garlic and onion. The pathogen survives as sclerotia in soil, colonized plant debris, or weeds. Seed can be a pathway for this fungus in bean. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. phaseolina on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Botrytis squamosa		Teleomorph: Botryotinia squamosa	Fungus	No	2-14, 2-19, 2-20	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for B. squamosa in onion. Primarily a leaf blight pathogen of onion found in temperate regions when bulb or seed productions coincide with high relative humidity and rainfall. The fungus overwinters 1) in onion cull piles as sclerotia or mycelia on bulbs or onion leaf debris, or 2) as sclerotia in the soil. Disease is initiated and spread by airborne conidia. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. squamosa on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Aphelenchoides besseyi		Synonym: Aphelenchoides oryzae	Nematode	Not a host	2-100, 2-139	No references found indicating onion as a host of A. besseyi. The rice white-tip nematode is a seed-borne plant parasitic nematode in rice. It is listed as a quarantine pest on the EPPO A2 list. The main hosts are rice and strawberry. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. besseyi on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Thielaviopsis basicola		Synonym: Chalara elegans	Fungus	Not a host	2-36, 2-107, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of T. basicola. This soilborne fungus is the causal agent of black root rot in cotton, tobacco and soybean. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. basicola on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Aphelenchoides fragariae			Nematode	Not a host	2-140	No references found indicating onion as a host of A. fragariae. This is a foliar nematode with an extensive host range and a major pest of strawberries worldwide. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. fragariae on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Ascochyta abelmoschi			Fungus	Not a host	2-1, 2-101, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of A. abelmoschi. This fungus is the causal agent of leaf spot, pod spot or stem spot on okra and it has been isolated from okra seeds. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. abelmoschi on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis			Bacterium	Not a host	2-108	No references found indicating onion as a host of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, which is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. When inoculated experimentally, the bacterium was not pathogenic to onion leaf tissue. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae			Fungus	Not a host	2-109	Onion was reported as a host of D. phaseolorum var sojae in the IMI description in 1973, however, no other references found indicating onion as a host of D. phaseolorum var sojae. The fungus is the causal agent of pod and stem blight on soyabean. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. phaseolorum var. sojae on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Dyspessa ulula			Insect	No	2-85, 2-134, 2-180	Dyspessa ulula, commonly known as the garlic borer, can affect onions, however, it is most commonly found on garlic. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. ulula on onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. ulula on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Globodera spp.			Nematode	Not a host	2-81, 2-122, 2-123	No references found indicating onion as a host of Globodera spp. The nematode has a very narrow host range. One reference states that G. rostochiensis invaded the roots of onion but was not able to develop beyond the 2nd larval stage. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Globodera spp. on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Heterodera spp.			Nematode	Not a host	2-124, 2-125, 2-170, 2-171	Only one obscure and dated report found that onion is a host of Heterodera spp. and it was H. mothi. No other references found indicating onion as a host of Heterodera spp. Onion was reported or mentioned as a non-host for H. zeae and H. schachtii. Heterodera is most common on soybean. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Heterodera spp. on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Naupactus spp.	Common species: Naupactus leucoloma		Insect	Not a host	2-110, 2-144	No references found indicating onion as a host of Naupactus spp., the white fringed beetle. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Naupactus spp. on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Okra leaf curl virus (OLCV)			Virus	Not a host	2-129	No references found indicating onion as a host of OLCV. This is a major pest in okra. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of OLCV on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Onion mosaic virus			Virus	Not a host	2-47, 2-74, 2-130, 2-131, 2-132	Onion mosaic virus is an invalid virus name and not recognized by the ICTV! It was re-identified as well-known viruses or as strains or mixtures of such viruses. Old references in Russian indicate that the virus is transmitted by aphids or the insect Acerina tulipae. These references also indicated that infected seeds do not germinate. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Onion mosaic virus on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Mycosphaerella schoenoprasi		Synonym: Mycosphaerella allicina	Fungus	Not a host	2-128, 2-141, 2-145	No references found indicating onion as a host of M. schoenoprasi. The only references to M schoenoprasi are out of Japan and indicate the hosts are A. porrum and A. fistulosum. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. schoenoprasi on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Phoma sabdariffae			Fungus	Not a host	2-136, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of P. sabdaiffae. The fungus is reported as a pathogen of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa). Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. sabdariffae on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Phomopsis longicolla			Fungus	Not a host	2-137, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of P. longicolla. The fungus is a pathogen of soybean and the causal agent of seed decay. Seed can be a pathway in soybean. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. longicolla on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pratylenchus brachyurus			Nematode	Not a host	2-61, 2-63, 2-81, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of P. brachyurus. Experimental inoculations showed that onions were not susceptible. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. brachyurus on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pratylenchus coffeae			Nematode	Not a host	2-62, 2-81, 2-141	There is only one dated reference ('60s) that indicates P. coffae can be associated with onion. No other references indicating onion as a host of this nematode. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. coffeae on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pseudomonas corrugata			Bacterium	Not a host	2-1, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of P. corrugata. This bacterium is the causal agent of pith necrosis in tomato. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. corrugata on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans			Bacterium	Not a host	2-1, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of P. syringae pv. lachrymans. This bacterium is the causal agent of angular leafspot in cucurbits. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. lachrymans on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae			Bacterium	Not a host	2-1, 2-55, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of P. syringae pv. syringae. The bacterium has a wide host range, however, on vegetables it is most commonly known as the causal agent of bacterial brown spot on beans. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. syringae on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Synchytrium endobioticum			Fungus	Not a host	2-1, 2-5, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of S. endobioticum. This bacterium is the causal agent of canker or wart disease in potato. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. endobioticum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)			Virus	Not a host	2-1	No references found indicating onion as a host of TMV. The virus does infect tomato and pepper and seed can be a pathway in those crops. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TMV on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV)			Virus	Not a host	2-1, 2-141, 2-156	No references found indicating onion as a host of TRSV. The virus does infect tomato and pepper. Seed can be a pathway in soybean and weeds. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TRSV on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)			Virus	Not a host	2-1, 2-5, 2-10, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of ToRSV. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of ToRSV on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Urocystis agropyri			Oomycete	Not a host	2-1, 2-141, 2-148	U. agropyri is the causal agent of flag smut in wheat. No references found indicating onion as a host of U. agropyri. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of U. agropyri on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Ustilago allii			Fungus	Not a host	2-1, 2-82	Ustilago allii is an invalid fungal name! The reference to this fungal name is from 1895. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of U. allii on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Verticillium albo-atrum			Fungus	Not a host	2-1, 2-4, 2-141	Although V. albo-atrum has a wide host range, no references found indicating that onion is a host of V. albo-atrum. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of V. albo-atrum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli			Bacterium	Not a host	2-1, 2-4, 2-5, 2-141	No references found indicating that onion is a host of X. campestris pv. phaseoli. This bacterium is the causal agent of common blight and fuscous blight on beans. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. campestris pv. phaseoli on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Fusarium avenaceum		Teleomorph: Gibberella avenacea	Fungus	No	2-1, 2-85, 2-118, 2-141, 2-167, 2-181	F. avenaceum is a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen. Onion is not a common host for F. avenaceum. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for F. avenaceum on onion. It is most commonly found on grains. Seed may be a pathway on grains and clover. One reference indicates this fungus was once isolated from onion seeds but there was no confirmation of onion as a host. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. avenaceum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria			Bacterium	Not a host	2-1, 2-4, 2-5, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. This bacterium is the causal agent of bacterial spot on tomato and pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians			Bacterium	Not a host	2-1, 2-4, 2-5, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of X. campestris pv. vitians. The bacterium is the causal agent of bacterial wilt or dry leaf spot on lettuce. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. campestris pv. vitians on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Cercospora duddiae			Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-1, 2-4, 2-106	C. duddiae is the causal agent of leaf blight or withertip which is of limited importance. Seed as a pathway was implied in earlier literature (1960) but no other references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. duddiae on onion. Transmission by air-borne or water-splash dispersed conidia, and by transportation with onion bulbs. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. duddiae on onion seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for C. duddiae on onion.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Dickeya chrysanthemi		Synonym: Erwinia chrysanthemi	Bacterium	Pathway not proven	2-68, 2-166	There are reports of D. chrysanthemi causing a bacterial soft rot of onions under certain conditions. There is one report of an association of the bacterium with onion seed in 1989. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. chrysanthemi in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. chrysanthemi on onion seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for D. chrysanthemi on onion.	No			No references found describing a seed treatment for D. chrysanthemi on onion.
Allium cepa	Onion	Botrytis cinerea		Teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana	Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-14, 2-104	B. cinerea is the causal agent of brown stain of onion bulbs. B. cinerea is ubiquitous and is commonly found in and on senescing and dead plant tissue. Although an association with seed may occur, seed as a pathway has not been confirmed to be a significant factor in the epidemiology of the disease. Bulb infection is restricted to the outer surface and is primarily cosmetic. This species of Botrytis is not associated with neck rot of onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. cinerea on onion seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	2-104	B. cinerea differentiated from B. allii by morphological characteristics. In agar testing this species would be detected in parallel with testing for the presence of B. allii.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	2-25, 2-26	Seed treatments used to control B. allii would be effective against B. cinerea.
Allium cepa	Onion	Botrytis porri		Teleomorph: Botryotinia porri	Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-15	B. porri is primarily a pathogen of garlic and leek. One abstract indicates an association of the fungus with onion seed. However, no other references found indicating seed as a pathway for B. porri on onion. In a survey of a symptomless field, B. porri was isolated from the seed but there was no damage to the crop. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. porri on onion seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	2-15	A rudimentary plating method is described in this reference. A description of a validated seed assay was not found.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	2-25, 2-27	Seed treatments used to control B. allii would be effective against B. porri.
Allium cepa	Onion	Botrytis allii		Synonym: Botrytis aclada	Fungus	Yes	2-1, 2-13, 2-14, 2-104, 2-105	B. allii is one of the primary causal agents of neck rot in onion. Both names (B. allii and B. aclada) are generally used. Two subgroups within B. aclada (AI and AII) have been distinguished based on chromosome number and conidial dimension. Yohalem et.al proposed that B. aclada be reserved for the small-spored subgroup AI and B. allii for the larger-spored subgroup AII of B. aclada. Seed is a known pathway for B. allii in onion and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed productions by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.	Yes	Molecular methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	2-23, 2-24, 2-25, 2-26, 2-175	Method descriptions include blotter incubation and a molecular method with PCR. The latter is an indirect method of testing (no isolation of the pathogen) and viable and non-viable pathogens not distinguished. A seed test is commercially available.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed coating)	2-25, 2-27, 2-28	Seed treatments effective in controlling B. allii on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Botrytis byssoidea		Teleomorph: Botryotinia allii	Fungus	Yes	2-13, 2-14, 2-104	B. byssoidea is one of the primary causal agents of neck rot of onion (with B. allii). Seed is a known pathway for B. byssoidea in onion and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed productions by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	2-13, 2-104, 2-175	B. byssoidea differentiated from B. allii by morphological characteristics. In agar testing this species would be detected in parallel with testing for the presence of B. alli. A seed test is commerically available.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	2-25, 2-27	Seed treatments effective in controlling B. byssoidea on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Trogoderma granarium			Insect	Not a host	2-98, 2-149, 2-184, 2-185, 2-186, 2-187, 2-188, 2-189	No references found indicating that onion can be affected by T. granarium or that onion is a host. T. granarium, commonly known as the Khapra beetle, is usually associated with grains and cereals. Most damage occurs in storage warehouses. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. granarium onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Trogoderma spp.			Insect	Not a host	2-149, 2-150	No references found indicating that onion can be affected by Trogoderma spp. or that onion is a host. There are many Trogoderma species.The most common is T. granarium. See that entry for further information and additional references. These insects are storage pests of grains and cereals. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Trogoderma spp. on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum		Synonym: Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora	Bacterium	No	2-1, 2-5, 2-141	P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum is the causal agent of bacterial soft rot of onion and numerous other crops. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Fusarium proliferatum		Synonym: Cephalosporium proliferatum	Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-120, 2-121, 2-169	Seed as a pathway has not been clearly established. There are two reports of an association with seed but the importance of this pathway is not clear. Causal agent of pink rot (storage rot) of onion bulbs. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	2-121	Agar plating method.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Aspergillus niger			Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-1, 2-17, 2-102	Seed can be a pathway for A. niger in onion. However, its significance in the epidemiology of the disease is uncertain. This fungus is very common in soil and field refuse. Causal agent of black mold on onion, garlic, carrot, pods of beans and peas and other vegetables and fruits. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	2-29	Rudimentary plating method. Validated seed assay not found.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	2-17, 2-18	Hot water or seed treatment with fungicides is effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Peronospora destructor			Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-1, 2-5, 2-22, 2-65	P. destructor is the causal agent of downy mildew in onion. There is conflicting evidence as to whether seed is a pathway for P. destructor in onion and whether it plays a significant role in the epidemiology of the disease. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for P. destructor on onion.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Puccinia allii			Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-1, 2-44, 2-52, 2-138, 2-141	Onion is known to be a host of P. allii, however, seed as a pathway is not proven. The association of spores with seed as a factor in the epidemiology of the disease is not certain. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for P. destructor on onion.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Urocystis cepulae		Synonym: Urocystis colchici	Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-1, 2-42, 2-147	U. cepulae is the causal agent of smut on onion. Teliospores can be associated with onion seed, however, this means of distribution is considered unimportant. Fungus overwinters in soil for 15 years or longer. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Visual seed inspection method	2-146	A seed test is commercially available.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides		Teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata	Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-1, 2-2, 2-46	Causal agent of leaf anthracnose and twister disease in onion but seed as a pathway is not proven. One reference implies that seed may have been a factor in anthracnose outbreaks in Brazil in 1996 and is cited repeatedly. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. gloeosporioides on onion. Spores of the fungus survive in the soil and crop debris and can be disseminated through water and possibly seed. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for C. gloeosporioides on onion.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Cladosporium allii-cepae		Teleomorph: Mycosphaerella allii-cepae	Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-1, 2-21	C. allii-cepae is the causal agent of leaf blotch but seed as a pathway is not proven. One reference describes glasshouse tests where flower inflorescences of onions were dusted with conidia of C. allii-cepae, a few onion seeds became contaminated. No infected onion seeds were obtained from naturally-infected plants in the field. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. allii-cepae in onion. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for C. allii-cepae on onion.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Stemphylium botryosum		Teleomorph: Pleospora herbarum	Fungus	Pathway not proven	2-90, 2-94, 2-96, 2-97, 2-118	Some references indicate an association of S. botryosum spores with seed, however, no references found to indicate that seed is a proven pathway in onion seed. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for S. botryosum on onion.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Allium cepa	Onion	Alternaria porri			Fungus	Yes	2-1, 2-16	Seed is a pathway in onion. A. porri is the causal agent of purple blotch on onion, garlic, leek and probably other Allium spp. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	2-16, 2-142	Rudimenatry plating method described in 2-16. Validated seed assay not found. Commercial seed test (2-142) is available.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	2-16	Single treatment not 100% effective
Allium cepa	Onion	Pantoea ananatis		Synonym: Erwinia ananas	Bacterium	Yes	2-7, 2-9, 2-65, 2-66	Seed has been shown to be a pathway for P. ananatis in onion. Causal agent of center rot in onion bulbs. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods	2-8, 2-9, 2-135	Agar spread plating methods described. DNA technique used for confirmation of suspected colonies.	No			No references found indicating seed treatments are effective against Pantoea ananatis.
Allium cepa	Onion	Ditylenchus dipsaci			Nematode	Yes	2-30, 2-40, 2-111	Seed is known to be a pathway for D. dipsaci in onion. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Visual seed inspection method	2-30, 2-40	Seed tests available in commercial laboratories. Seed is dissected underwater and observed microscopically for nematodes.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed disinfection)	2-4
Allium cepa	Onion	Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii			Bacterium	Yes	2-11, 2-12, 2-84	Seed is known to be a pathway for X. axonopodis. pv. allii in A. cepa. The pest has a narrow host range - Allium spp. - and is the causal agent of bacterial blight in onion. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods	2-12, 2-84	Selective media and a BIO-PCR method. No validated or commercial seed assay available. PCR is an indirect way of testing (no isolation of the pathogen) and does not distinguish between viable and non-viable pathogen.	No		2-174, 2-179	No references found indicating a seed treatment is effective against X. axonopodis pv allii on onion seed, however, general references found describing seed treatments effective against bacteria on seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Stemphylium vesicarium		Teleomorph: Pleospora allii	Fungus	Yes	2-16, 2-43	S. vesicarium is the causal agent of leaf blight and stalk rot of onion. The disease is most severe under warm and moist conditions. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	2-16	Plating seed on PDA. No validated seed test and no commercial seed tests available.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	2-16	Various treatments were applied and none were 100% effective
Allium cepa	Onion	Aster Yellows		Synonym: Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris	Mollicute (spiroplasma, phytoplasma)	No	2-33, 2-103, 2-143, 2-190, 2-191	Aster Yellows phytoplasma is transmitted by a variety of polyphagous leafhopper species and has a wide range of plant hosts. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Aster Yellows in onion. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Aster Yellows on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Phytophthora capsici			Oomycete	Not a host	2-4, 2-64, 2-141	No references found indicating onion as a host of P. capsici. Causal agent of Phytophthora blight in pepper. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this fungus in pepper or any other crops. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. capsici on onion seed.
Allium cepa	Onion	Aceria tulipae		Synonym: Eriophyes tulipae	Mite	No	2-32, 2-60, 2-99	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for A. tulipae in onion. This mite is primarily regarded as a damaging pest of stored garlic bulbs and is connected with the transmission of mite-borne viruses in garlic and shallot. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. tulipae on onion seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Acarus siro		Synonym: Tyroglyphus farinae	Insect	Yes	10-58, 10-312	Commonly known as the "flour mite", this insect has been known to be associated with stored seed of B. oleracea. It is most commonly associated with cereal seed and cereal flour. Risk of association with seed is most commonly controlled through seed treatments.	No	Serological methods	10-94, 10-145	The seed tests cited are developed on cereal crops. No references found indicating seed tests for B. oleracea.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	10-58, 10-63, 10-146, 10-147	Seed treatments can be effective against the insect. Reference 147 cites biological control using predators.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Alternaria armoraciae			Fungus	Not a host	10-128, 10-132, 10-344	There is limited information on this species of Alternaria. Existing information indicates that A. armoraciae is only found on Armoracia rusticana (horseradish). No references found indicating that B. oleracea is host of A. armoraciae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. amoraciae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Alternaria dauci			Fungus	Not a host	10-77, 10-95, 10-128, 10-132, 10-331	No references found indicating B. oleracea is a natural host of A. dauci. In a very dated report, cabbage and radish were shown to be susceptible when inoculated experimentally. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. dauci on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Aphanomyces raphani			Fungus	No	10-12, 10-114, 10-138	A. raphani is the causal agent of black root of crucifers and is soilborne. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for A. raphani on B. oleracea. One reference suggests that infected plant residue associated with the seed could be a pathway. However, commercial cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for debris and dead plant tissue to be associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. raphani on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV)			Virus	No	10-51, 10-54, 10-183, 10-258, 10-259	B. oleracea is not commonly known as a host of ArMV in nature. B. oleracea has been noted as susceptible when inoculated experimentally. Arabis mosaic virus is noted as being seedborne in a number of crops and the primary references are papers by Lister and Murant. These papers do not indicate seed as a pathway for ArMV in B. oleracea. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for ArMV on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of ArMV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Arracacha virus A			Virus	Not a host	10-120, 10-179, 10-332	In nature, this virus only infects Arracacha xanthorrhiza (Apiaceae) and is limited to one area of Peru. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Arracacha virus A. Some Brassica species were susceptible when inoculated experimentally. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Arracacha virus A on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Aspergillus flavus			Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-1, 10-26, 10-97	No references found indicating A. flavus being the causal agent of a disease on B. oleracea. The primary information for seed as a pathway are two references wherein local seed sources were plated onto a general agar medium or a blotter. No information was provided on seed lot history, handling or cleaning. In both cases A. flavus was found as a superficial contaminant. Commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove superficial contaminants from being associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. flavus on B. oleracea seed.	No	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	10-26, 10-97	No references found describing a seed test for A. flavus on B. oleracea. Some descriptions of isolations of fungi associated with seed.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Aspergillus holophilicus			Fungus	Not a host	10-92, 10-165	No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of A. holophilicus. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. holophilicus on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Aspergillus niger			Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-1, 10-97, 10-347	Aspergillus niger is a common saprophyte. The primary information for seed as a pathway are two references wherein local seed sources were plated onto a general agar medium or a blotter. No information was provided on seed lot history, handling or cleaning. A. niger was found as a superficial contaminant. Commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove superficial contaminants from being associated with the seed. Could be a seed storage contaminant if seed is stored in high humidity. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. niger on B. oleracea seed.	No			No references found describing a seed test for A. niger on B. oleracea. Some descriptions of isolations of fungi associated with seed.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating and seed disinfection)	10-19	One reference found indicating a seed treatment. In addition, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus. Seed treatments are commercially available.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Beet western yellows virus (BWYV)		Synonym: Turnip yellows virus	Virus	No	10-121, 10-165, 10-180, 10-333	BWYV has a very wide host range which includes brassica crops. Transmission is by aphid vectors, mainly the green peach aphid. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Luteoviruses. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of BWYV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Botrytis cinerea		Synonym: Sclerotinia fuckeliana; Teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana	Fungus	No	10-92, 10-160, 10-165, 10-343	B. cinerea is an occassional problem on B. oleracea in the field usually when plants are damaged or during extensive periods of high humidity. The fungus can be the cause of a head rot in storage. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for B. cinerea in B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. cinerea on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Broccoli necrotic yellows virus (BNYV)			Virus	No	10-29, 10-334	The primary means of transmission of BNYV is by aphids. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for spread of BNYV. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of BNYV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cacoecimorpha pronubana			Insect	No	10-47, 10-243, 10-244	Commonly known as the Carnation Tortrix, this moth can feed on Brassica species and more than 160 other species of plants. Mainly an issue on greenhouse crops (especially carnation). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. pronubana on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. pronubana on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)			Virus	No	10-57, 10-165, 10-182, 10-335	CaMV is transmitted by at least 27 aphid species. Wild radish and wild cabbage serve as natural reservoirs for the virus. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for CaMV. Found in most countries where Brassicas grown. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CaMV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cercospora armoraciae			Fungus	Not a host	10-165, 10-260, 10-295, 10-348	No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of C. armoraciae. There have been limited reports of C. armoraciae on horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. armoraciae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cercospora brassicicola			Fungus	No	10-12, 10-134, 10-148, 10-149, 10-326	C. brassicicola is the causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot of B. oleracea. There are several sources that suggest that seed is a pathway, however, no references found with data that provides evidence that seed is a pathway. Seed is a pathway for some other Cercospora pathogens in other crops (e.g. Cercopora betae). Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. brassicicola on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Ceutorhynchus obstrictus		Synonym: Ceutorhynchus assimilis	Insect	No	10-175, 10-327, 10-328	B. oleracea is a host of the cabbage seedpod weevil. The larvae undergo three instars in the seed pod. After the final instar the mature larvae chew an exit hole and drop to the ground to pupate in the soil. No references found indicating seed as a pathway. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. obstrictus on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cladosporium cucumerinum			Fungus	Not a host	10-44, 10-349	C. cucumerinum is the causal agent of scab/gummosis of cucurbits. No references found indicating Brassica oleracea is a host of C. cucumerinum. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. cucumerinum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cladosporium herbarum			Fungus	Not a host	10-165, 10-221, 10-350	No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of C. herbarum. Older literature suggests that C. herbarum may be associated with seed of B. napus and B. campestris. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. herbarum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cladosporium spp.			Fungus	Not a host	10-65, 10-165, 10-227	References found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Cladosporium spp. are very limited and do not provide any data to support the claims. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Cladosporium spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cochliobolus sativus			Fungus	Not a host	10-73, 10-191, 10-351	No references found indicating Brassica spp. are hosts of C. sativus. Primarily found on cereals, grains and other members of Poaceae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. sativus on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Colletotrichum destructivum			Fungus	Not a host	10-34, 10-154, 10-155, 10-157, 10-159, 10-336, 10-352	The primary hosts of C. destructivum are alfalfa and clover. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of C. destructivum. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. destructivum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Colletotrichum spp.			Fungus	Not a host	10-165, 10-342	There are many species of Colletotrichum, however, the only reports indicating Colletotrichum on B. oleracea is C. higginsianum-see entry for this species for further information. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Colletotrichum spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Cucumber mosaic virus			Virus	No	10-36, 10-123, 10-165, 10-197, 10-338	Brassica oleracea is considered a minor host of CMV and infection only gives rise to mild symptoms. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for CMV in B. oleracea. CMV has a very wide host range and seed may be a pathway in some hosts. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CMV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Curvularia spp.			Fungus	Not a host	10-97, 10-165, 10-342	No references found indicating Curvularia as a causal agent of disease on B. oleracea. There is one report of an association of Cuvularia sp. with seed of a mix of unknown cultivars of cauliflower collected from fields in Pakistan. However, Koch's postulates were not completed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Curvularia spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Ditylenchus dipsaci			Nematode	No	10-37, 10-165, 10-204	B. oleracea can be a host of the stem and bulb nematode (D. dipsaci). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. dipsaci on B. oleracea. The nematode can become attached to the seeds of some host plants (e.g. onions, lucerne, faba beans) Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. dipsaci on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Frankliniella spp.			Insect	No	10-15, 10-24, 10-25, 10-302	B. oleracea is a secondary host of Frankliniella thrips, usually only attacking the crop when primary hosts die off. No references found indicating seeds as a pathway for any species of the genus Frankliniella. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Franliniella spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Fusarium moniliforme			Fungus	Not a host	10-40, 10-165, 10-174, 10-342, 10-353	F. moniliforme is not reported as a causal agent of disease on B. oleracea. One report found an association of F. moniliforme with cauliflower and cabbage seed. However, the seed sources were not identified, fungal identification was not confirmed and Koch's postulates were not completed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. moniliforme on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans			Fungus	No	10-88, 10-92, 10-158, 10-161, 10-165, 10-228, 10-281	No references found clearly indicating seed as a pathway for F. oxysporum f sp conglutinans in B. oleracea. There are several inferences made that seed might be a pathway at low levels, however, these statements are derived from one dated reference that has no data to support these statements. The industry is not aware of seed as a pathway in B. oleracea. Commercial harvesting (only seed from healthy plants), cleaning and sanitization would limit the chance for seed being contaminated. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. o. f. sp. conglutinans on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Fusarium oxysporum (complex)			Fungus	Not a host	10-52, 10-165, 10-228, 10-354	No information given because the forma specialis of F. oxysporum has not been specified. See F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans for the most common Fusarium found on B. oleracea.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani			Fungus	Not a host	10-88, 10-144, 10-165, 10-228, 10-239	F. o. raphani is normally found on radish and daikon. Only one report indicates infection on B. oleracea when experimentally inoculated. No other references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of F. o. raphani. Some evidence that seed may be a pathway at low levels in radish. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Fusarium semitectum		Synonym: Fusarium incarnatum	Fungus	Not a host	10-165, 10-342, 10-355	No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of F. semitectum. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. semitectum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Fusarium solani			Fungus	Not a host	10-92, 10-165, 10-231, 10-263, 10-356	No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Fusarium solani. Fusarium solani is referred to as a species complex (FSSC) containing several forma specialis designations. See F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans for information regarding the most common species of Fusarium found on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. solani on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Helicoverpa zea			Insect	No	10-176, 10-177, 10-330	This insect, commonly known as the corn earworm, has a wide host range. Cabbage and some other Brassicas are secondary or poor hosts. Pupae form in the soil. If present, commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of B. oleracea seed should reduce the threat of the insect being associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. zea on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Helix aspersa		Synonym: Cornu aspersum	Insect	No	10-136, 10-291, 10-303	The garden snail can be associated with plants of B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. aspersa in B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization would eliminate the presence of the pest. This mollusc can be transported long distances on plant material. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Helix aspersa on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Helix spp.			Insect	No	10-136, 10-291, 10-303, 10-329	Other species of Helix are more limited in distribution than H. apsersa but they may be associated with plants of B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Helix spp. on B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization would eliminate the presence of the pest. This mollusc can be transported long distances on plant material. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Helix spp on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Heterodera cruciferae			Nematode	No	10-165, 10-252, 10-253, 10-254, 10-255	This is a cyst forming nematode that feeds on Brassica crops. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. cruciferae on B. oleracea. Nematode movement is primarily passive: soil, water, tools, etc. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove the threat of cyst contaminanted soil being associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. cruciferae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Heterodera glycines			Nematode	No	10-165, 10-247, 10-248, 10-249, 10-250, 10-251, 10-316, 10-320, 10-321	This is a cyst forming nematode whose primary host is Glycine max (soybean). Only one report found indicating this nematode was found on Brassica napus subsp oleifera. The cyst nematodes commonly found on B. oleracea are H. cruciferae and H. schachtii. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. glycines on B. oleracea. Nematode movement is primarily passive: soil, water, tools, etc. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove the threat of cyst contaminated soil being associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. cruciferae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Heterodera schachtii			Nematode	No	10-50, 10-119, 10-165, 10-247	B. oleracea can be a host of the cyst nematode (H. schachtii). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. schachtii in B. oleracea. Contaminated soil associated with seed could be a means for dispersal, however, commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for debris and dead plant tissue to be associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. dipsaci on H. schachtii on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Lettuce Mosaic Virus (LMV)			Virus	Not a host	10-165, 10-289, 10-304	No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of LMV. Cabbage described as a non-host species. Only information on a member of the Brassica family as a host is Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris). Seed as pathway only described for lettuce. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of LMV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Listronotus bonariensis			Insect	No	10-21, 10-124	The Argentine stem weevil is most commonly found in fields and seed of cereals. The insect has been found on B. oleracea although it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for L. bonariensis on B. oleracea. Incidental report of an association with rape seed, however, it was considered unimportant on the crop. Distribution is limited to South America, Australia and New Zealand. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. bonariensis on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Longidorus elongatus			Nematode	Not a host	10-257, 10-282, 10-283, 10-305	L. elongatus is an ectoparasitic nematode living on the outer surface of host roots. It is widely distributed throughout temperate regions. It can vector of Raspberry ringspot virus and Tomato black ring virus. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of L. elongatus. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. elongatus on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Longidorus spp.			Nematode	Not a host	10-257, 10-275	This is a genus of ectoparasitic nematodes. Nematode movement is primarily passive: soil, water, tools, etc. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Longidorus spp. Some other species of Brassica have been reported as host of Longidorus spp. however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Longidorus spp. in those species. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Longidorus spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Macrophomina phaseolina			Fungus	Not a host	10-45, 10-165, 10-240, 10-241, 10-358	No references found indicating B. oleracea is a host of M. phaseolina. There are some dated reports of M. phaseolina being found occassionally on other species of Brassica. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. phaseolina on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Meloidogyne spp.			Nematode	No	10-165, 10-246, 10-268, 10-272	B. oleracea is a host of root-knot nematodes including M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. incognita acrita and M. javanica. The Dutch PPO PRA on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no reports have been found of seed being a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Meloidogyne spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Nacobbus aberrans		Synonym: Nacobbus batatiformis	Nematode	No	10-245, 10-246	N. aberrans is known as the false root knot nematode. This nematode has been reported on B. oleracea. It is similar to Meloidogyne in that it cause knots on the roots and its growth is limited to the root zone. No references indicating seed as a pathway for N. aberrans on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of N. aberrans on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Paratrichodorus spp.			Nematode	Not a host	10-235, 10-238, 10-257	B. oleracea is a host of Paratrichodorus, the most common being P. minor. Very closely related to Trichodorus spp. This nematode is found worldwide. It attacks the root zone and decreases root growth. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Paratrichodorus spp. on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Paratrichodorus spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Penicillium chrysogenum			Fungus	Not a host	10-1, 10-360	Only one report found indicating P. chrysogenum associated with B. oleracea seed. This was a crude survey of fungal seed contamination. The sources of the seed are not defined and Koch's postulates were not completed. No references found indicating P. chrysogenum as a causal agent of disease on B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove superficial contaminants. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. chrysogenum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Penicillium funiculosum			Fungus	Not a host	10-1, 10-361	Only one report found indicating P. funiculosum associated with B. oleracea seed. This was a crude survey of fungal seed contamination. The sources of the seed are not defined and Koch's postulates were not completed. No references found indicating P. funiculosum as a causal agent of a disease on B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove superficial contaminants. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. funiculosum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Phyllosticta zingiberis		Synonym: Phoma zingiberis	Fungus	Not a host	10-192, 10-203	Causal agent of leaf spot of ginger, the primary host. No references found indicating Brassica spp. as a host of P. zingiberis. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. zingiberis on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Phyllotreta cruciferae			Insect	No	10-198, 10-339	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for the crucifer flea beetle on crucifers. Egg laden soil could be associated with seed, however, commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for egg laden soil being associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. cruciferae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Physalospora rhodina		Anamorph: Lasiodioplodia theobromae	Fungus	Not a host	10-229, 10-230, 10-231, 10-363	P. rhodina is a pathogen of tree crops such as citrus, fig, rubber tree, Prunus spp., and others. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of P. rhodina. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. rhodina on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Phytophthora brassicae		Synonym: Phytophthora porri	Oomycete	No	10-92, 10-206, 10-207, 10-364	P. brassicae is the causal agent of Phytophthora Storage Rot of crucifers. The pathogen survives in the soil as either oospores or chlamydospores. No references found indicating seed as a pathway. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. brassicae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Phytophthora megasperma			Oomycete	No	10-92, 10-165, 10-208, 10-365	P. megasperma is the causal agent of Phytophthora Root Rot on crucifers. Survives in soil as oospores. No references found indicating seed as a pathway. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. megasperma on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Phytophthora sojae			Oomycete	Not a host	10-118, 10-301, 10-366	The host range of P. sojae is limited to soybean (Glycine max) and closely related plants. No references found indicating that Brassica oleracea is a host of P. sojae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. sojae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Plasmodiophora brassicae			Fungus	No	10-22, 10-48, 10-165, 10-236, 10-237	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. brassicae in B. oleracea. One report on B. napus indicated an association of resting spores with seed that had not been commerically cleaned. However, the levels detected were below those need to cause disease in a bioassay. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization would reduce the risk of contamination of the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. brassicae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pleospora herbarum		Anamorph: Stemphylium herbarum	Fungus	Not a host	10-165, 10-294, 10-295, 10-342, 10-368	Brassica oleracea is not known to be a host of Pleospora herbarum. There are very limited reports of this fungus on brassicas and the most detailed is on radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). The occurrence is incidental and Koch's postulates were not completed. Therefore, it is concluded that B. oleracea is not a host of this fungus. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Pleospora herbarum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pleospora tarda		Anamorph: Stemphylium botryosum	Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-173, 10-367	The anamorph of P. tarda, Stemphylium botryosum, has been reported to occur on B. oleracea, however, it is not a common disease problem. One very dated reference reported the fungus was found on the seed of B. napo, B. oleracea, B. rapa, and Raphanus sativus. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. tarda on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. tarda on B. oleracea.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for P. tarda on B. oleracea.	No			No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudocercosporella capsellae		Teleomorph: Mycosphaerella capsellae	Fungus	No	10-92, 10-162, 10-163, 10-164, 10-165, 10-369	Both the anamorph and teleomorph of the fungus are causal agents of White Leaf Spot of crucifers. One reference indicates seed was not a pathway under experimental conditions. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. capsellae in B. oleracea. This pathogen has been found on seed in the pod on B napus but, transmission rarely occurs. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. capsellae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pythium aphanidermatum			Oomycete	No	10-52, 10-165, 10-219, 10-220, 10-371	P. aphanidermatum is a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen. On B. oleracea it is considered a minor pathogen. No references found indicating seed as pathway for P. aphanidermatum on B. oleracea. One reference implies seed as a pathway on B. napus but no data is presented. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. aphanidermatum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pythium irregulare			Oomycete	No	10-78, 10-193, 10-194, 10-372	P. irregulare is not commonly found on B. oleracea but it has been reported. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. irregulare in B. oleracea. P. irregulare is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. irregulare on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pythium spp.			Fungus	No		B. oleracea is a host of various species of Pythium (see other Pythium entries). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Pythium spp. in B. oleracea. Primary source of inoculum is oospores in soil or dead root tissue. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Pythium spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pythium tracheiphilum			Oomycete	No	10-13, 10-171, 10-172	This fungus is not commonly found on Brassicas. There is one report of it causing a leaf and head rot on chinese cabbage. Pathogenic on cauliflower tested in vitro. No references found indicating seed as a pathway in Brassicas. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. tracheiphilum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pythium ultimum			Oomycete	No	10-76, 10-165, 10-215, 10-373	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. ultimum in B. oleracea. Primary source of inoculum is oospores in soil or dead root tissue. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. ultimum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Radish mosaic virus (RaMV)		Synonym: Radish enation mosaic virus	Virus	No	10-34, 10-96, 10-165, 10-184, 10-185, 10-186	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for RaMV. Transmitted by vectors (several beetle species), by mechanical inoculation and by grafting. Seed transmission experiments unsuccessful. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of RaMV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Radopholus similis			Nematode	No	10-209, 10-214, 10-256, 10-293, 10-311	R. similis is a burrowing nematode that is common in tropical and subtropical regions and is most common on banana. It is an endophyte of the roots only. It can attack B. oleracea, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. similis in B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. similis on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Ramularia armoraciae			Fungus	Not a host	10-205, 10-260, 10-374	R. armoraciae is the causal agent of a leaf spot of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana). No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of R. armoraciae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. armoraciae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum			Fungus	Yes	10-22, 10-48, 10-92, 10-165, 10-271, 10-315, 10-337	Seed lots can be contaminated with sclerotia and dormant mycelium. Seed is a known pathway for S. sclerotiorum in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.	Yes	Visual seed inspection method, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	10-23, 10-270	A sample of seed could be visually inspected for sclerotia associated with the seed. A seed test is commercially available.	Yes	Biopesticide (seed coating)	10-66	One reference has experimental use of bioagents. In addition, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Sclerotinia spp.			Fungus	Not a host		The species of Sclerotinia associated with B. oleracea is S. sclerotiorum. See that entry for details.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Septoria apiicola			Fungus	Not a host	10-5, 10-92, 10-165, 10-342, 10-375	No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of S apiicola. The host range of this fungus is primarily in the Apiaciae. Only one reference found indicating infection in the Brassicaceae (Raphanus sativus). Isolations were made from locally grown seed and Koch's postulates were not completed. Therefore, this report is discounted. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. apiicola on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Spodoptera littoralis			Insect	No	10-196, 10-199, 10-202, 10-242	B. oleracea is a host of the Egyptian cottonworm. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. littoralis on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. littoralis on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Streptomyces scabies			Fungus	No	10-188, 10-189, 10-190, 10-376	S. scabies has been reported on some species of Brassica, however, it is not commonly reported on B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. scabies in B oleracea. The pathogen is limited to underground plant parts. No evidence of systemic infection. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. scabies on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Thanatephorus cucumeris		Synonym: Rhizoctonia solani	Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-111, 10-112, 10-165	A very common soil borne pathogen with a great diversity of host plants. Some references state seed can be a pathway, however, no data is presented to support these statements. A quality systems approach in the production of the seed through field inspections, routine cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for sclerotia being associated with the seed.	No			No references found, however, a sample of seed could be visually inspected for sclerotia associated with the seed.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed coating and seed treatment)	10-11, 10-17, 10-19, 10-35, 10-55	Various treatments have been described. In addition, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Theba pisana		Synonym: Helix pisana	Insect	No	10-296, 10-297	T. pisana is known as the garden white snail which can be associated with plants of B. oleracea but there are no references indicating seed as a pathway for T. pisana in B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would eliminate the presence of the pest. This mollusc can be transported long distances on plant material. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. pisana on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)			Virus	No	10-183, 10-187, 10-273, 10-274	TRV is not commonly known as a serious problem on B. oleracea, although it can be a host. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for TRV on B. oleracea. One very dated reference shows seed transmission in Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd's purse) at a very low rate, however, this is only under experimental conditions. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Tobacco Rattle Virus on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)			Virus	Not a host	10-92, 10-109, 10-165, 10-201	TBRV is not known to infect B. oleracea. One dated report suggests that cabbage might have been susceptible when inoculated. No other references found indicating that B. oleracea is a host of TBRV. Given this information, B. oleracea is considered not a host. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TBRV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Trichodorus spp.			Nematode	No	10-165, 10-181, 10-257, 10-292	The stubby root nematode has been reported to occur on B. oleracea, however, it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Trichodorus spp. in B. oleracea. The nematode can vector Tobacco Rattle Virus. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Trichodorus spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)			Virus	No	10-3, 10-57, 10-75, 10-92, 10-122, 10-165, 10-280	B. oleracea is a host of TuMV which is primarily aphid transmitted. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for TuMV in B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TuMV on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Verticillium albo-atrum			Fungus	Not a host	10-82, 10-100, 10-165, 10-178, 10-217, 10-218, 10-377	The causal agents of Verticillium Wilt of B. oleracea are V. dahliae and V. longisporum. There is only one very dated report of V. albo-atrum occurring on B. oleracea and the information is very limited. No other references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of V. albo-atrum. Given this information, B. oleracea is considered not a host. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of V. albo-atrum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Xiphinema diversicaudatum			Nematode	No	10-150, 10-165, 10-170, 10-257, 10-292	The dagger nematode has been reported to occur on B. oleracea, however, it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for X. diversicaudatum on B. oleracea. This is an ectoparasitic nemtode that lives primarily on outer surface of host roots. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. diversicaudatum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Xiphinema  spp.			Nematode	No	10-139, 10-165, 10-257, 10-292	The dagger nematode has been reported to occur on B. oleracea, however, it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Xiphinema spp. on B. oleracea. This is an ectoparasitic nemtode that lives primarily on outer surface of host roots. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Xiphinema spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Agrobacterium tumefaciens		Synonym: Rhizobium radiobacter	Bacterium	No	10-127, 10-137	B. oleracea can be a host of A. tumefasciens which is the causal agent of crown gall. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for A. tumefaciens in B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. tumefaciens on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Corynebacterium betae		Synonym: Curtobacterium flaccumfasciens pv. betae	Bacterium	Not a host	10-259, 10-281	C. betae is the causal agent of silvering disease in sugar beets and red beets. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Corynebacterium betae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. betae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Erwinia chrysanthemi		Synonym: Dickeya chrysanthemi	Bacterium	Not a host	10-42, 10-261, 10-262	B. oleracea is not commonly known to be a host of E. chrysanthemi. Some sources list Brassicas as a host of this bacterium, however, no specific references were found indicating Brassica oleracea as a host of E. chrysanthemi. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. chrysanthemi on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudomonas cichorii			Bacterium	No	10-61, 10-88, 10-213, 10-226, 10-276, 10-277, 10-278	B. oleracea is not a common host of P. cichorii. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. cichorii in B. oleracea. P. cichorii is pathogenic on a number of vegetables and most notably on lettuce and basil. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. cichorii on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis			Bacterium	No	10-165, 10-224, 10-225, 10-226	Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis is the causal agent of head rot of brassicas, marginal leaf spot of lettuce and infects a number of other vegetables. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. marginalis pv. marginalis in B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. marginalis pv. marginalis on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudomonas syringae pv. alisalensis			Bacterium	No	10-92, 10-117, 10-284	Causal agent of bacterial blight. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. s. pv. alisalensis in B. oleracea. Some authors imply and suggest that seed might be involved, however, no evidence is presented. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. s. pv. alisalensis on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata			Bacterium	Not a host	10-92, 10-165, 10-222, 10-223, 10-340, 10-341	This bacterium is a pathogen of sugar beet, some other vegetables and some cereals. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. s. pv. aptata on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudomonas syringae pv. spec.			Bacterium	Not a host	10-79, 10-165, 10-342	No references found of B. oleracea being a host of P. syringae pv spec. Could find no validation of the bacterial name. Only one report on Camelina sativa (false flax). Inoculation of other brassicas did not result in infection. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. spec on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae			Bacterium	Not a host	10-92, 10-165, 10-200, 10-342	No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of P.syringae pv syringae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. s. pv. syringae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudomonas viridiflava			Bacterium	No	10-56, 10-92, 10-287, 10-288, 10-342	P. viridiflava has been reported as the causal agent of a head rot in B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. viridiflava on B. oleracea. One dated reference found an association of P. viridiflava on one seed lot of radish (Raphanus sativa), however, the origin, history and handling of the seed lot was unclear and transmission not demonstrated. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. viridiflava on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Rhodococcus fascians			Bacterium	No	10-210, 10-211, 10-212, 10-213, 10-313	R. fascians is the causal agent of leafy gall in a wide range of hosts including some members of B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. fascians in B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. fascians on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae			Bacterium	Yes	10-8, 10-69, 10-306, 10-307, 10-324, 10-325	This pathovar is the causal agent of Xanthomonas leaf spot. It is very closely related to X. campestris pv campestris. The disease is more important on horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) but does occur on B. oleracea. Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas campestris pv armoraciae in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot. Researchers do not fully support this pathotype. Some of the isolates fit the species X. campestris pv. raphani while other isolates fit one of the races of X. c. pv. campestris.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods, Serological methods	10-8, 10-9, 10-14, 10-56, 10-68, 10-89, 10-90, 10-101, 10-102, 10-105, 10-106, 10-115, 10-269, 10-270	There are several methods described for detection of Xca on B. oleracea seed. A seed test method using dilution plating is commercially available	Yes	Physical	10-16, 10-86, 10-87, 10-93, 10-98	Various treatments have been described. Seed treatments are commercially available.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria		Synonym: Xanthomonas vesicatoria	Bacterium	Not a host	10-74, 10-195	X. c. pv. vesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. No reports found indicating Brassica oleracea is a host of X. campestris pv vesicatoria. An earlier report of X. c. pv. vesicatoria of Brassicaceae and Solanaceae has been reclassified to X. c. pv. raphani. See X. campestris pv campestris entry. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. c. pv. vesicatoria on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Xanthomonas cucurbitae		Synonym: Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae	Bacterium	Not a host	10-72, 10-298, 10-299, 10-300	Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae (preferred name) is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of most cucurbits and the host range is limited to cucurbits. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of X. cucurbitae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. cucurbitae on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Trogoderma granarium			Insect	Not a host	10-27, 10-38, 10-39, 10-59, 10-62, 10-67, 10-381, 10-382, 10-383	No references found indicating that B. oleracea can be affected by T. granarium or that B. oleracea is a host. T. granarium, commonly known as the Khapra beetle, is usually associated with grains and cereals. Most damage occurs in storage warehouses. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. granarium on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Trogoderma spp.			Insect	Not a host	10-27, 10-38, 10-39, 10-59, 10-62, 10-67	No references found indicating that B. oleracea can be affected by T. granarium or that B. oleracea is a host. T. granarium, commonly known as the Khapra beetle, is usually associated with grains and cereals. Most damage occurs in storage warehouses. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. granarium on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pratylenchus spp.			Nematode	No	10-165, 10-216, 10-257	B. oleracea can be a host of certain species of Pratylenchus (lesion nematodes), the most common being Pratylenchus penetrans. It is distributed worldwide. The nematode is associated with the root zone and causes lesions on the root cortex. In later stage infections it may enter the vascular tissue, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Pratylenchus spp. on B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Pratylenchus spp. on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Phomopsis vexans		Synonym: Phoma solani; Teleomorph: Diaporthe vexans	Fungus	Not a host	10-46, 10-322, 10-323, 10-362	Host range of P. vexans is limited primarily to Solanum melongena (eggplant). No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of P. vexans. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. vexans on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola			Bacterium	Pathway not proven	10-4, 10-57, 10-81, 10-92, 10-113, 10-281, 10-285, 10-286	Causal agent of peppery leaf spot in crucifers. In the literature some of reports attributed to P. s. pv maculicola may have been caused by P.s. pv. alisalensis. Symptoms are very similar. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic fruit), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Dilution Plating methods	10-99, 10-270, 10-279	No references found describing a seed test for P. syringae pv maculicola on B. oleracea. A seed test method using dilution plating is commercially available.	No			No references found describing a seed treatment for P. syringae pv maculicola on B. oleracea.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Alternaria brassicae			Fungus	Yes	10-53, 10-60, 10-64, 10-92, 10-112, 10-130, 10-133, 10-165, 10-308, 10-345	A. brassicae is one of the causal agents of black spot of crucifers. A. brassicae is more destructive on oil yielding Brassica crops. The pathogen has been reported from almost every continent on Brassica crops. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic plants), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Molecular methods	10-23, 10-77, 10-270, 10-279	A seed test using a blotter method is commercially available. One reference indicates a DNA based test, however, the method has not been validated completely.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed treatment)	10-7, 10-55, 10-70, 10-112, 10-130	Seed treatments, including physical, biological and chemical, are reported to be effective in controlling the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Alternaria brassicicola			Fungus	Yes	10-53, 10-60, 10-64, 10-92, 10-112, 10-125, 10-126, 10-128, 10-130, 10-165, 10-346	A. brassicicola is one of the causal agents of black spot of crucifers. Reported to be more common on vegetable crops compared to oil crops in the Brassicaceae family. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic plants), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Dilution Plating methods	10-20, 10-33, 10-43, 10-97, 10-270, 10-279	A seed test using a blotter method is commercially available. Some references indicate agar methods but these are not completely validated.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed coating)	10-7, 10-16, 10-20, 10-30, 10-49, 10-55, 10-70, 10-112, 10-130, 10-319	Seed treatments, including physical, biological and chemical, are reported to be effective in controlling the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Alternaria japonica		Synonym: Alternaria raphani	Fungus	Yes	10-20, 10-33, 10-128, 10-129, 10-165	A. japonica is one of the causal agents of black spot of crucifers. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic plants), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	No	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Molecular methods	10-33, 10-77, 10-97, 10-135, 10-270, 10-279	A seed test using a blotter method is commercially available for related species of Alternaria. Some references indicate agar methods but not completely validated. One reference indicates a DNA based test, however, the method has not been validated completely.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed treatment)	10-7, 10-16, 10-70, 10-112, 10-129, 10-130, 10-319	Seed treatments, including physical, biological and chemical, are reported to be effective in controlling the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Colletotrichum higginsianum			Fungus	No	10-23, 10-156, 10-165	C. higginsianum is the causal agent of anthracnose B. oleracea, however, it is most common on Raphanus sativus (radish) and B. rapa (turnip). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. higginsianum in B. oleracea. Dated references only make suggestions that seed may be a pathway in radish and no data is provided. Commercial cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. higginsianum on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Albugo candida			Oomycete	Yes	10-22, 10-80, 10-107, 10-140, 10-141, 10-143, 10-290, 10-380	A. candida is the causal agent of white rust of crucifers and the fungus is found in most areas of the world. It is most severe on B. rapa but also occurs on B. oleracea. Oospores survive in soil and can be associated with seed. For B. rapa, it has been shown that oospores associated with seed can cause higher levels of disease in the field. However, A. candida is not known to be a threat to commercial seed lots of B. oleracea. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of B. oleracea seed would reduce the potential for oospore contamination of seed.	No	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	10-143	There is a method outlined to count oospores in the reference cited. However, it is not a validated seed test method.	No		10-142	Research has found no single management practice to be superior at controlling the disease. A combination of cultural, resistant varieties and chemical control is needed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Pyrenopeziza brassicae		Anamorph: Cylindrosporium concentricum	Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-92, 10-165, 10-166, 10-167, 10-168, 10-169, 10-318, 10-370	P. brassicae is the causal agent of light leaf spot of crucifers. Information on seed as a pathway is based primarily on experimental inoculation of plants. Seed harvested from these plants were infected with the fungus and in one reference transmission to seedlings did occur. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. brassicae in B oleracea. A quality systems approach in the production of the seed through field inspections would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed. Routine cleaning and sanitization of the seed would reduce the risk of this organism being associated with the seed.	No	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	10-166	Only experimental information available, surface sterilized seed placed on sterile blotter paper to dry before placing on PDA and incubated at 18ºC	No		10-10, 10-318	Treatments mentioned in the literature are field foliar applications to limit the disease. No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Rhizopus stolonifer			Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-1, 10-97, 10-342	R. stolonifer can cause a head rot of crucifers. The primary information for seed as a pathway are two references wherein local seed sources were plated onto a general agar medium or a blotter and R. stolonifer was found as a superficial contaminant. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. stolonifer on B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would limit the threat of this organism being associated with the seed. It was also shown that Brassica seed extract had an inhibitory effect on R. stolonifer. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. stolonifer on B. oleracea seed.	No	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	10-45, 10-97	No references found indicating a seed test exists for R. stolonifer on B. oleracea seed. References listed describe experimental incubation methods.	No			No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Mycosphaerella brassicicola			Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-22, 10-57, 10-92, 10-165, 10-267, 10-359	Causal agent of ring spot of B. oleracea which is a cool weather disease. Some references suggest that seed may be a pathway whereas others state seed is not a pathway. No references found with data that clearly shows seed as a pathway. Crop debris is the most common source of inoculum. Seed may be a pathway if plant debris is associated with the seed. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting (avoiding infected plants), cleaning and sanitization of brassica seed would reduce the potential for this organism to be associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for M. brassicicola on B. oleracea.	Yes	Physical	10-55	One reference indicates that a hot water treatment will control ring spot. A seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV)			Virus	Pathway not proven	10-3, 10-6, 10-41, 10-75, 10-91, 10-108, 10-165	TYMV does infect B. oleracea and there are reports of seed being a pathway in other species and genera of Brassicaceae. Only one citation found indicating seed as a pathway in B. oleracea, however, the reference was inaccessible. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for TYMV in B. oleracea. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	No	Grow-out methods, Serological methods	10-41	No references found indicating a seed test exists for TYMV in B. oleracea. Experimental evaluation using a combination of grow out and ELISA is described for detection of TYMV in B. napus.	No			No references found describing a seed treatment for TYMV on B. oleracea.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Verticillium dahliae			Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-57, 10-92, 10-100, 10-165, 10-178, 10-217, 10-218, 10-317, 10-378	Verticillium longisporum is the primary causal agent of Verticillium Wilt of B. oleracea, however, V. dahliae can infect B. oleracea. The role of V. dahliae is not entirely clear. Some references state seed as a pathway for V. dahliae in B. oleracea but no data is presented. See Verticillium longisporum entry. Experimental inoculation on B. napus found no trace of the fungus in seeds. A quality systems approach in the production of the seed through field inspections, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for V. dahliae on B. oleracea.	No			No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Verticillium longisporum			Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-92, 10-100, 10-165, 10-178, 10-217, 10-218, 10-317, 10-379	V. longisporum is the primary causal agent of Verticillium Wilt on B. oleracea. Some references state that seed is a pathway for V. longisporum in B. oleracea but no data is presented. A quality systems approach in the production of the seed through field inspections, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for V. longisporum on B. oleracea.	No			No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Hyaloperonospora parasitica		Synonym: Peronospora parasitica	Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-2, 10-84, 10-110, 10-165, 10-234	H. peronospora is the causal agent of Downy Mildew of B. oleracea. There are conflicting reports on whether seed is a pathway for this fungus in B. oleracea. It has been suggested that oospores may be associated with seed, however, this has not been verified under natural conditions. Seed as a pathway has been shown for some other members of the Brassica family. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and the normal harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	No	Grow-out methods	10-2, 10-84, 10-110	No references found indicating a seed test exists for H. parasicita on B. oleracea.There are some experimental methods used to evaluate radish seed for the fungus.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	10-85, 10-116	Two references found indicating seed treatments may be effective after emergence. In addition, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Aster Yellows		Synonym: Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris	Mollicute (spiroplasma, phytoplasma)	No	10-18, 10-92, 10-151, 10-152, 10-153, 10-165, 10-269, 10-384, 10-385	Aster Yellows phytoplasma is transmitted by a variety of polyphagous leafhopper species and has a wide range of plant hosts. One reference detected DNA in the tissue of seed and seedlings of B. rapa, however, the phytoplasma was not detected. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Aster Yellows in B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Aster Yellows on B. oleracea seed.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Alternaria alternata		Synonym: Alternaria tenuis	Fungus	Pathway not proven	10-32, 10-33, 10-64, 10-97, 10-128, 10-130, 10-131	The most common species of Alternaria associated with B. oleracea are A. brassicicola, A. brassicae and A. japonica. There are reports of A. alternata found associated with B. oleracea, however, these were considered opportunistic situations. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic plants), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	No	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	10-270, 10-279	There is no validated method specifically for A. alternata on B. oleracae, however, there are commercially available seed tests for other species of Alternaria on B. oleracea.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed treatment)	10-55, 10-130	Seed treatments are reported to be effective in controlling the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris			Bacterium	Yes	10-71, 10-92, 10-103, 10-104, 10-309, 10-310	Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.	Yes	Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Serological methods	10-8, 10-9, 10-14, 10-56, 10-68, 10-89, 10-90, 10-101, 10-102, 10-105, 10-106, 10-115, 10-269, 10-270, 10-386	An ISF method is described for untreated seed (composed of a workflow of methods including seed-extract qPCR, dilution plating, identification qPCR and pathogenicity assay) and an ISTA method is described for disinfested/disinfected seed (dilution plating, confirmation PCR, pathogenicity assay).	Yes	Physical	10-16, 10-86, 10-87, 10-93, 10-98	Various treatments have been described. Seed treatments are commercially available.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani			Bacterium	Yes	10-306, 10-310, 10-325	This pathovar is most common on radish (Raphanus sativus) but also occurs on B. oleracea.The bacterium has a wider host range that includes the family Solanaceae. Causes leaf spotting and seed is a pathway for Xanthomonas campestris pv raphanus in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot. There have been discussions questioning if X.c pv. raphani should be a distinct pathovar or perhaps a distinct race within X. campestris pv. campestris.	Yes	Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Serological methods	10-8, 10-9, 10-14, 10-56, 10-68, 10-89, 10-90, 10-101, 10-102, 10-105, 10-106, 10-115, 10-269, 10-270, 10-386	An ISF method is described for untreated seed (composed of a workflow of methods including seed-extract qPCR, dilution plating, identification qPCR and pathogenicity assay) and an ISTA method is described for disinfested/disinfected seed (dilution plating, confirmation PCR, pathogenicity assay).	Yes	Physical	10-16, 10-86, 10-87, 10-93, 10-98	Various treatments have been described. Seed treatments are commercially available.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Phoma lingam		Synonym: Leptosphaeria maculans	Fungus	Yes	10-4, 10-92, 10-165, 10-232, 10-233	Seed is a known pathway for P. lingam (Leptosphaeria maculans) in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.	Yes	Molecular methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	10-31, 10-83, 10-115, 10-270, 10-279	A validated ISTA incubation method (blotter and plating) is available. A DNA method is described for the detection in canola.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	10-7, 10-28, 10-30	Chemical and physical treatments are effective against the fungus.
Brassica spp.	Brassica	Fusarium avenaceum		Synonym: Gibberella avenacea (teleomorph)	Fungus	No	10-264, 10-265, 10-266, 10-357	The fungus is a ubiquitous soil borne pathogen. F. avenaceum is reported to be the causal agent of an occassional head rot of stored cabbage and broccoli. One report of a head rot occurring in the field. No reports found of seed being a pathway for F. avenaceum in B. oleracea. It can be seedborne in grains and clover. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. avenaceum on B. oleracea seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Athelia rolfsii		Anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii	Fungus	No	1-23, 1-40, 1-73	Pepper is a host, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for A. rolfsii in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. rolfsii on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Corcyra cephalonica			Insect	No	1-158, 1-159, 1-160	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for the rice meal moth on pepper. This insect is associated with rice, corn, soybean and other grains. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) extracts are sometimes used to control the insect. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. cephalonica on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Dacus spp.			Insect	No	1-77	Fruit flies can cause injury to pepper fruit, however no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Dacus spp. in pepper. Dispersal occurs when the insect is associated with fresh fruit. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of these insects being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Dacus spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Diaprepes abbreviatus			Insect	No	1-195, 1-196	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for the citrus weevil on pepper. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. abbreviatus on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Ditylenchus destructor			Nematode	No	1-79, 1-169	Pepper is a very minor host of the potato rot nematode. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. destructor in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. destructor on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Ditylenchus dipsaci			Nematode	No	1-79, 1-168	Pepper is a very minor host of the stem and bulb nematode. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. dipsaci in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. dipsaci on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Frankliniella spp.			Insect	No	1-194, 1-199	Thrips can cause injury to peppers, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Frankliniella spp. in pepper. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of thrips being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Frankliniella spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Gonocephalum spp.			Insect	No	1-161, 1-162	Wireworms can be a pest of the lower stems of peppers. The insect is usually found in the soil. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Gonocephalum spp. on pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Gonocephalum spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Helicoverpa assulta			Insect	No	1-163, 1-164	The oriental tobacco budworm can feed on pepper fruits. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. assulta on pepper. The cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. assulta on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Helicoverpa zea			Insect	No	1-165	The corn earworm can feed on pepper fruits. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. zea on pepper. The cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. zea on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Longidorus spp.			Nematode	No	1-183	This nematode has been reported on pepper plants, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Longidorus spp. on peppers or other hosts. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Longidorus spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pseudocercospora fuligena		Synonym: Cercospora fuligena	Fungus	No	1-83	Pepper as a host has only been shown experimentally. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. fuligena in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. fuligena on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Liriomyza trifolii			Insect	No	1-181, 1-182	Pepper is not reported as a common host of the American serpentine leafminer and no references found indicating seed as a pathway for L. trifolii on peppers or any other hosts. Leaf miners are easily transported with plant material such as cut flowers, branches with foliage and leafy vegetables. Seed is not known as one of the plant materials for spread of leaf miners. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. trifolii on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Macrophomina phaseolina			Fungus	No	1-145, 1-148	M. phaseolina is the causal agent of charcoal rot of pepper. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for M. phaseolina in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in some crops such as soybean. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. phaseolina on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Meloidogyne spp.			Nematode	No	1-154	The PRA prepared by the Dutch Plant Protection Office on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for this genus of nematodes in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Meloidogyne spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Nacobbus aberrans			Nematode	No	1-184	Pepper is a host of the false root-knot nematode. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for N. aberrans on peppers or other hosts. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of N. aberrans on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pepper mild mosaic virus (PMMsV)			Virus	No	1-121	The designation PMMsV is taken from the website reference.This is a Potyvirus and even though the name is similar, it has no relation to Tobamovirus pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV). Limited reports of this potyvirus. This virus name Pepper mild mosaic virus is not recognized by the American Phytopathological Society (APS), the CABI Crop Compendium (CPC), the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB-DPV website) or The International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for PMMsV in peppers. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of PMMsV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phytophthora capsici			Oomycete	No	1-40	P. capsici is the causal agent of Phytophthora blight on peppers. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. capsici in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. capsici on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phytophthora cryptogea			Oomycete	No	1-40, 1-97, 1-132, 1-145	Pepper is published as a host of P. cryptogea, however, the relevance of the publication is doubtful. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. cryptogea in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. cryptogea on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Potato virus A (PVA)			Virus	No	1-40, 1-209	Pepper as a host of PVA is limited. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for PVA in any crop. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of PVA on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pseudomonas corrugata			Bacterium	No	1-29, 1-93, 1-203	Pepper is a limited host, however, it can occur, especially when infected tomatoes are nearby. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. corrugata in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in tomato. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. corrugata on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae			Bacterium	No	1-18, 1-40, 1-43, 1-94, 1-95, 1-239	Pepper is reported as a host and some references found that suggest or state that seed can be a pathway for P. syringae pv. syringae in pepper. However, these references have no scientific data to support these statements. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. syringae pv. syringae in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in beans. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. syringae on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Thaumatotibia leucotreta		Synonym: Cryptophlebia leucotreta	Insect	No	1-149, 1-150	The false codling moth is a pest of pepper. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for T. leucotreta in pepper. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of this insect being associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. leucotreta on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pseudomonas viridiflava			Bacterium	No	1-31, 1-59, 1-93, 1-96, 1-167	This bacterium has been reported to cause a leaf blight in peppers but no reports found indicating seed as a pathway for P. viridiflava in pepper. Seed as a pathway shown experimentally in tomato. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. viridiflava on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Xanthomonas perforans		Synonym: Xanthomonas vesicatoria	Bacterium	Not a host	1-15, 1-26, 1-28, 1-115, 1-116	X. perforans is not pathogenic on pepper. X. perforans is one of the species of Xanthomonas that causes bacterial spot of tomato. No references found indicating pepper as a host of X. perforans. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. perforans on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Rhizopus arrhizus			Fungus	No	1-46	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. arrhizus in pepper. The fungus can cause a post harvest decay of pepper fruit. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. arrhizus on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Rhodococcus fascians			Bacterium	No	1-5, 1-48, 1-241	Pepper is minor host of this bacterium. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. fascians in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. fascians on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Sclerotinia sclerotiorum			Fungus	No	1-49, 1-52, 1-53, 1-156, 1-157, 1-242	Sclerotinia on peppers (white mold) is considered a minor disease. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. sclerotiorum on pepper. A very common soilborne pathogen with a great diversity of host plants. Seed harvesting (avoiding infected fruit), cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the threat of the fungus being associated with the seed. Seed can be a pathway for the fungus on soybeans. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. sclerotiorium on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Spodoptera littoralis			Insect	No	1-197, 1-198	The Egyptian cottonworm has a very wide host range including pepper. No references were found indicating seed as a pathway for S. littoralis in pepper. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. littoralis on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)			Virus	No	1-45, 1-84, 1-103, 1-185, 1-186	Pepper is a host of TRV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TRV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in a number of weeds. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TRV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV)			Virus	No	1-138, 1-190, 1-191	Pepper is a host of TRSV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TRSV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in soybean and weeds. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TRSV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Tobacco streak virus (TSV)			Virus	No	1-16, 1-40, 1-172, 1-212, 1-246	Pepper is a host of TSV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TSV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in a number of crops and some weeds. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TSV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Tomato aspermy virus (TAV)			Virus	No	1-40, 1-187, 1-192, 1-213	Pepper is a host of TAV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TAV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway for TAV in some weeds. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TAV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina		Synonym: Peronospora tabacina	Oomycete	No	1-55, 1-166	Pepper as a host of this fungus is secondary and rare. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina in pepper. Host range restricted primarily to the genus Nicotiana. Seed is not a pathway in Nicotiana. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)			Virus	No	1-30, 1-37, 1-103, 1-191, 1-214	Pepper is a host of TBRV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TBRV in pepper. Some dated references indicate seed as a pathway in a number of crops and weeds. However, the data is based on experimental work and the methods used were outdated and not representative of commercial practices. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TBRV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV)			Virus	No	1-2, 1-9, 1-13, 1-51, 1-247	TBSV is a soilborne virus with no known vectors. It is moved through water and may enter roots through wounds. Pepper can be a host but it is not a common occurrence. One dated reference cites earlier experimental work that suggests that seed may be a pathway for TBSV in tomato and pepper. However, neither of these references are accessible for review. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for TBSV in pepper. See TBSV entry in the tomato pest list for details on that crop. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TBSV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)			Virus	No	1-27, 1-30, 1-33, 1-44, 1-188, 1-189, 1-191	Pepper is a host of ToRSV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for ToRSV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in soybean, raspberry, strawberry and weeds. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of ToRSV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Verticillium dahliae			Fungus	No	1-108, 1-109, 1-110, 1-111, 1-112, 1-113, 1-114	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for V. dahliae in pepper. Seed transmission in tomato has been shown to be unimportant. Seed as a pathway has been shown for spinach and experimentally in lettuce. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of V. dahliae on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Xiphinema spp.			Nematode	No	1-145, 1-170, 1-171	Pepper is a very minor host for this nematode. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Xiphinema spp. in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Xiphinema spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Didymella lycopersici		Anamorph: Phoma lycopersici	Fungus	Pathway not proven	1-40, 1-97, 1-144, 1-145, 1-219	Tomato is the primary host of D. lycopersici in nature. Some other solanceous plants were reported to be susceptible when inoculated. One reference found indicating Didymella lycopersici caused a disease on pepper. However, fungal identification was not clear and Koch’s postulates were not completed. This reference also indicated an association of the fungus with seed of pepper, however, the methods used may have biased the data. No other reports found indicating pepper as a host of D. lycopersici or seed as a pathway for D. lycopersici in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. lycopersici on pepper seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for D. lycopersici on pepper.	No			No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Dickeya chrysanthemi		Synonym: Erwinia chrysanthemi	Bacterium	Not a host	1-19, 1-40, 1-145, 1-204	No references found indicating pepper as a host of D. chrysanthemi. Pepper fruit inoculated experimentally in one report. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. chrysanthemi on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato		Synonym: P. s. pv. punctulans	Bacterium	Not a host	1-61, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. syringae pv. tomato. This bacterium is the causal agent of bacterial speck on tomato. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. tomato on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Bactrocera spp.	Common species: B. latifrons, B. facialis		Insect	No	1-193	Fruit flies can cause injury to pepper fruit. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Bactrocera spp. in pepper. Dispersal occurs when the insect is associated with fresh fruit. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of these insects being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Bactrocera spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Alternaria brassicicola			Fungus	Not a host	1-22, 1-25, 1-54, 1-58, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of A. brassicicola. This fungus is a pathogen of crucifers. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. brassicicola on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phomopsis vexans		Synonym: Phoma solani	Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-56, 1-91, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. vexans. This fungus is the causal agent of Phomopsis blight of eggplant. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. vexans on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Alternaria dauci			Fungus	Not a host	1-32, 1-97, 1-143, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of A. dauci. The fungus is the causal agent of Alternaria leaf blight on carrots and other umbelliferous plants. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. dauci on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Alternaria raphani			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-68, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of A raphani. The fungus is pathogenic on certain crucifers. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. raphani on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Ascochyta spp.			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-69, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of Ascochyta spp. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Ascochyta spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Chilli mosaic virus			Virus	Not a host	1-11, 1-40, 1-139	Invalid virus name! Tthis name does not exist in the ICTV master species list (reference 1-139). Information available on the internet is inaccurate. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Chilli mosaic virus on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Alternaria radicina		Synonym: Stemphylium radicinum	Fungus	Not a host	1-97, 1-143, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of A. radicina. The fungus is the causal agent of black rot on carrots and other umbelliferous plants. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. radicina on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. spinaceae		Synonym: Colletotrichum dematium	Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of C. dematium f. sp. spinaceae. The fungus is the causal agent of anthracnose of spinach. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. dematium f. sp. spinaceae on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Colletotrichum truncatum			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of C. truncatum. The fungus is the causal agent of anthracnose of soybean. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. truncatum on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Columnea latent viroid (CLVd)			Viroid	Not a host	1-152, 1-237, 1-238, 1-249	CLVd is a pospiviroid that is found on a number of herbaceous plants. Pepper was reported as a symptomless host only when inoculated under experimental conditions. No references found indicating pepper as a host of CLVd under natural conditions. Tomato is a known host. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CLVd on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Ralstonia solanacearum		Synonym: Pseudomonas solanacearum	Bacterium	No	1-40, 1-206	Pepper is a host of P. solanacearum, the causal agent of Bacterial Wilt. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. solanacearum in pepper. However, there is one dated report on Capsicum frutescens wherein the bacterium was detected epiphytically on cotyledons of seedlings grown from artificially inoculated seed or artificially inoculated soil. The bacterium is a more significant disease problem on tomato. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. solanacearum on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Erysiphe heraclei			Fungus	Not a host	1-80, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of E. heraclei. The fungus is the causal agent of powdery mildew of plants in the Apiaceae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. heraclei on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pythium aphanidermatum			Oomycete	No	1-232, 1-233, 1-234, 1-235	Pythium is a ubiquitous soil-borne pathogen. There is one reference that indicates an association of Pythium aphanidermatum with seed of Capsicum frutescens, a different species of Capsicum. The methods described are not indicative of commercial methods in that the seed was harvested from infected fruit from local grower fields and inadequately surface sterilized. Commercial harvesting of seed would avoid infected fruits and sanitizations would be much more effective than the techniques used in this reference. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. aphanidermatum in Capsicum annuum. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. aphanidermatum on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (race III)			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-86, 1-87, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (race III). The fungus is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of tomato. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (race III) on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-133, 1-134, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. The fungus is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of cotton and seed can be a pathway in that crop. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Lasiodiplodia theobromae			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145, 1-146, 1-147	No references found indicating pepper as a host of L. theobromae. The fungus occurs in a number of crops and seed can be a pathway certain crops such as cotton. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. theobromae on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Myrothecium roridum			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of M. roridum. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. roridum on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli		Synonym: X. campestris pv. phaseoli	Bacterium	Not a host	1-40, 1-82	No references found indicating pepper as a host of X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli. The bacterium is the causal agent of common blight of beans. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phomopsis longicolla			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-112, 1-136, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. longicolla. The fungus is the causal agent of pod and stem blight of soybean and seed can be a pathway in that crop. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. longicolla on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phytophthora citrophthora			Oomycete	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. citrophthora. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. citrophthora on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phytophthora hibernalis			Oomycete	Not a host	1-40	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. hibernalis. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. hibernalis on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phytophthora infestans			Oomycete	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-137, 1-250, 1-251, 1-252	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. infestans. Tomato and potato are hosts. In tomato, an association with seed has been shown experimentally or with seed not processed in a commercial manner. It is not certain whether seed is a pathway in tomato. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. infestans on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV)			Virus	No	1-17, 1-100, 1-207	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for BBWV in pepper. Seed has been reported as a pathway in faba bean. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of BBWV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phytophthora megasperma			Oomycete	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. megasperma. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. megasperma on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea			Oomycete	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea. The fungus is the causal agent of root rot of alfalfa (lucerne). Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pseudomonas mediterranea			Bacterium	Not a host	1-92, 1-93, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. mediterranea. The bacterium is closely related to Psudomonas corrugata. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. mediterranea on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans			Bacterium	Not a host	1-60, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. syringae pv. lachrymans. The bacterium is the causal agent of angular leaf spot of cucurbits. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. lachrymans on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci			Bacterium	Not a host	1-18, 1-40, 1-43, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. syringae pv. tabaci. The bacterium is the causal agent of wildfire of tobacco and soybeans in which seed can be a pathway. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. tabaci on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Puccinia allii			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. allii. The fungus is the causal agent of rust on some Allium spp. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. allii on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Septoria petrosellini			Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of S. petrosellini. The fungus is the causal agent of Septoria blight on parsley. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. petrosellini on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Urocystis cepulae			Fungus	Not a host	1-36, 1-40, 1-97, 1-107, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of U. cepulae. The fungus is the causal agent of smut of onion and other Allium spp. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of U. cepulae on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani			Bacterium	Not a host	1-67, 1-119, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of X. campestris pv. raphani. The bacterium is the causal agent of leafspot of radish and certain other Brassicas. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. campestris pv. raphani on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Ceratitis capitata			Insect	No	1-120, 1-236	C. captiata, also known as the Mediterranean fruit fly, can occasionally infested pepper fruit. Dispersal occurs when the insect is associated with fresh fruit. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. capitata on pepper seed. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitation should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. capitata on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Fusarium avenaceum		Teleomorph: Gibberella avenacea	Fungus	Not a host	1-40, 1-97, 1-145	No references found indicating pepper as a host of F. avenaceum. The fungus is the causal agent of a number of different diseases on different crops. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. avenaceum on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) (CVbMV)	Both acronyms for the virus are in use		Virus	No	1-38, 1-40, 1-139	No references found indicating seed as a pathway for ChiVMV in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of ChiVMV on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)			Virus	Pathway not proven	1-3, 1-104, 1-151, 1-217, 1-253, 1-254, 1-255, 1-256	Pepper can be a weak host of TYLCV. Infected plants are symptomless and the titer of the virus is low. There is conflicting information as to the extent pepper serves as a reservoir host. TYLCV is primarily vectored by whiteflies and in general seed is not considered a pathway for Geminiviruses. Although one reference was found indicating seed as a pathway for TYLCV in pepper, this research was based on the use of experimental infectious clones which may not be representative of TYLCV in nature. In addition, the data presented in this paper is flawed in that the proper negative controls were not included. When PCR positive reactions for infected plant and seed tissue were presented, there were no corresponding tests of healthy tissue types. These deficiencies raise serious questions regarding the validity of the paper. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for TYLCV in pepper. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TYLCV on pepper seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for TYLCV on pepper. Given the serious limitations of the one reference indicating seed as a pathway for TYLCV in pepper, a seed test is NOT warranted.	No			No references found indicating seed treatments are effective against TYLCV on pepper.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Trogoderma spp.	Common species: T. granarium, T. variabile		Insect	Not a host	1-200, 1-201, 1-257, 1-258, 1-259, 1-260, 1-261, 1-262, 1-263	No references found indicating C. annuum can be affected by Trogoderma spp. or that C. annuum is a host. There are many Trogoderma species, which are commonly known as dermestid beetles. These insects are storage pests of grains and cereals. Most damage occurs in storage warehouses. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Trogoderma spp. on pepper seed.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum		Synonym: Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora	Bacterium	Pathway not proven	1-81	P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum is the causal agent of bacterial soft of pepper fruit. One reference found indicating seed as a pathway for P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum on pepper. The bacterium was isolated from commercial seed sources, however, no history of the treatment of the seed lots was noted. Surface sterilization removed the bacterium from the seed indicating only surface contamination. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum on pepper. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic fruit), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Dilution Plating methods	1-81	Test described in publication, however, the method has not been validated.	Yes	Chemical (seed disinfection)	1-81	The reference indicates treatment of seed with 1% sodium hypochlorite is effective in eliminating the bacterium.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Thanatephorus cucumeris		Synonym: Corticium solani, Anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani	Fungus	Pathway not proven	1-4, 1-23, 1-35	T. cucumeris is a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen with a very diverse host range. One very dated reference found R. solani in a commercial pepper seed lot, however, the conditions under which the crop was grown were unusual: several successive pepper crops in the same ground, continuously cool and wet conditions, and the pepper fruits were in constant contact with the soil. These conditions are not typical of current commercial seed productions. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for T. cucumeris in pepper. One reference evaluated pepper seed lots for fungi and found no R. solani on the seed evaluated. The primary disease on pepper by T. cucumeris is damping off. However, seed contamination might occur through infected fruit when poorly managed productions allow fruit to come in contact with moist soil. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of only healthy fruit should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting (avoiding contaminated fruit), cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the threat of the fungus being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	1-4, 1-35	A rudimentary technique is described, however, the method has not been validated.	Yes	Physical, Chemical (seed coating)	1-4	One older reference indicates a hot water treatment may be effective in eliminating R. solani from the seed. A seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Colletotrichum gloeosporioides			Fungus	Yes	1-1, 1-7, 1-39, 1-40, 1-72, 1-131, 1-141, 1-142	C. gleosporioides one of the causal agents of anthracnose of pepper. The disease is not commonly seen in pepper seed production areas. If fruit is infected, seed can be a pathway for C. gleosporioides in pepper. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruit should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting (avoiding infected fruit), cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Blotter - solid or liquid media methods	1-10, 1-20	Several methods are compared in reference 1-10.	Yes	Chemical (seed coating)		No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)			Virus	Pathway not proven	1-8, 1-21, 1-40, 1-64, 1-65, 1-66, 1-85, 1-155, 1-202, 1-205	AMV occurs worldwide and has a very extensive host range. There is little information regarding seed as a pathway for AMV in pepper. An older reference (1-85) reports that AMV may be seedborne in pepper at a low level. Reference 1-155 is scientifically flawed and should be withdrawn from the literature. No references found clearly demonstrating seed as a pathway for AMV in pepper. Seed as a pathway is well documented in alfalfa. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for AMV on pepper.	No			No references found indicating a seed treatment effective against AMV on pepper.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Choanephora cucurbitarum			Fungus	Pathway not proven	1-70, 1-223, 1-224, 1-225	C. cucurbitarum is the causal agent of fruit wet rot and is usually found on cucurbits. Pepper fruits can be a host of this fungus. Disseminated by insects, rain and wind. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. cucurbitarum on pepper. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding infected fruit), seed cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. cucurbitarum on pepper seed.	No				No
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis			Bacterium	Pathway not proven	1-12, 1-40, 1-50, 1-71, 1-173, 1-174, 1-175, 1-176, 1-177, 1-178	C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is the causal agent of Bacterial Canker of tomato. Pepper can be a host of the bacterium, however, it is not commonly seen in pepper seed productions. Certain references state that the bacterium is seedborne in pepper. However, the only references with data are: a) experimental inoculation of flowers and b) a field situation where the plants were severely infected and seed was harvested and checked for the bacterium. Seed would not be harvested from plants in this condition in a commercial pepper seed field. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruit should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting (avoiding infected plants), cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on pepper.	No			No references found indicating a seed treatment effective against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on pepper.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)			Virus	Pathway not proven	1-40, 1-74, 1-75, 1-76	CMV is found worldwide and has a very wide host range including pepper. One reference (1-74) shows experimental data related to seed as a pathway for CMV in pepper. In this work, one cultivar of pepper was inoculated with one isolate of CMV. When grown under experimental conditions the virus was detected by RT-PCR in the seeds and seedlings grown from inoculated plants. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for CMV in pepper. Industry grow outs of commercial seed lots has not found CMV infected seedlings. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	No			No references found indicating a seed test exists for CMV on pepper.	No			No references found indicating seed treatments are effective against CMV on pepper.
Capsicum annuum	Pepper	Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd)			Viroid	Pathway not proven	1-122, 1-179, 1-180, 1-248	PCFVd is a Pospiviroid whose known host range is limited to the Solanaceae and its distribution is also limited. One reference indicates seed as a pathway based on experimental data. However, another reference indicates seed is not a pathway based on experimental data. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for PCFVd in pepper. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.	Yes	Molecular methods	1-11	A seed assay using RT-PCR is commercially available.	No			No references found indicating a seed treatment effective against PCFVd in pepper.