Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Alternaria spp.
|
Common species: A. alternata, A. dianthi, A. hibiscina, A. zinniae
Commone names: Alternaria leaf spot, Pod spot
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-1,
15-2,
15-3,
15-4,
15-5,
15-6,
15-7,
15-8,
15-9,
15-10,
15-31,
15-111,
15-149
|
Alternaria spp. are mainly saprophytic fungi that are commonly found in soil or on decaying plant tissues (15-149). It has a wide host range with a worldwide distribution (15-149). Alternaria spp. can cause seed-borne disease or post-harvest disease in okra (15-1, 15-7, 15-31). Several Alternaria species (A. alternata, A. dianthi, A. hibiscinum, A. zinniae) causes leaf and pod spot diseases of okra (15-1, 15-2, 15-3, 15-4, 15-5, 15-6, 15-10, 15-111) and most of them have been found associated with okra seed (15-1, 15-7, 15-8, 15-9). However, among these species, seed is described as a pathway for only A. alternata (species not regulated) in okra (15-8). Since the particular species of Alternaria was not specified, it cannot be concluded that Alternaria spp. in general are seed-transmitted in okra nor that seed is a pathway.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Alternaria spp. on okra seed.
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Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Athelia rolfsii
|
Common names: Sclerotium rot, Southern blight
|
Synonyms: Botryobasidium rolfsii, Corticium centrifugum, C. rolfsii, Hypochnus centrifugus, Pellicularia rolfsii, Sclerotium rolfsii (anamorph)
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-13,
15-14,
15-112
|
A. rolfsii has an extensive host range; at least 500 species in 100 families are susceptible (15-14, 15-112). A. rolfsii is an important soil-borne pathogen that causes stem rot disease/blight disease on plants, including field, vegetable, fruit, and ornamental crops (15-13). A. rolfsii can overwinter as mycelium in infected tissues or plant debris and usually persist as sclerotia. Sclerotia are disseminated by cultural practices (infested soil and contaminated tools), infested transplant seedlings, water, wind (15-14). It has been reported to cause southern blight disease in okra (15-14), however, there are no references indicating seed as a pathway for A. rolfsii on okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. rolfsii on okra seed.
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|
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|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus
|
Common names: Okra yellow vein mosaic, Yellow vein mosaic disease
|
Synonyms: Bhendi yellow vein India virus, Bhendi yellow vein mosaic begomovirus, Okra yellow vein mosaic agent, Okra yellow vein mosaic virus
|
Virus
|
No
|
15-15,
15-16,
15-113,
15-114
|
Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) is a begomovirus that causes typically yellow vein mosaic on okra and is transmitted naturally by whitefly Bemisia tabaci (15-15, 15-113, 15-114). BYMV was detected from all parts of okra plants including, vegetative and reproductive parts of the flowers as well as in seeds. However, in grow-out test, seedlings showed no symptoms and they tested negative by PCR. It was concluded that BYVMV can be present in the seed, however, it is not seed transmitted (15-16). Another paper reported that BYVMV is neither sap nor seed transmissible (15-113). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for BYVMV on okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of BYVMV on okra seed.
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|
|
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|
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|
|
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Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Callosobruchus spp.
|
Common species of pulses: C. maculatus
Common names: Chinese bruchid, Cowpea bruchid, Pulse beetle
|
|
Insect
|
Not a host
|
15-17,
15-18,
15-141
|
The genus Callosobruchus belongs to the order Coleoptera and subfamily Bruchidae (15-17, 15-18). There are quite a number of species belonging to this genus but C. maculatus is one of the major and primary pest of stored pulses (15-17). Callosobruchus spp. is an internal feeder and a pest of pulses both in the field at the time of harvest and in storage (15-141). The grub makes a hole inside the grain which causes heavy damage that reduces the quality. There is a risk that the beetles might be carried along with the seed but some studies suggested using physical methods (i.e. temperature treatment of grains/seeds, UV exposure, etc.) to effectively eradicate the pest (15-18). However, Callosobruchus spp. is not a host of okra. No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for Callosobruchus spp.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Callosobruchus spp. on okra seed.
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Caulophilus spp.
|
Common species: C. oryzae
Common name: Broad-nosed grain weevil
|
Synonyms: Caulophilus latinasus, Rhyncolus oryzae
|
Insect
|
Not a host
|
15-19,
15-20,
15-106
|
Caulophilus is a genus of true weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae (15-19). There are more than 20 described species in Caulophilus but the most common is C. oryzae (syn. C. latinasus), which is predominantly a pest of stored grains (15-20, 15-106). It does not feed on whole grain or any seed that is dry and hard but on grain that has been damaged (15-20, 15-106). True seeds including the grains are among the plant parts liable to carry this pest in trade or transport. However, Caulophilus spp. is not a host of okra. No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for Caulophilus spp.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Caulophilus spp. on okra seed.
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|
|
|
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|
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Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Cercospora malayensis
|
Commone name: Cercospora leaf spot
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-21,
15-23,
15-24,
15-115,
15-116,
15-117
|
C. malayensis is a foliar pathogen causing leaf spot disease in okra and Hibiscus spp. mostly in Asia (15-21, 15-23, 15-24). The fungus survives through conidia and stromata on crop debris in soil (15-115, 15-116, 15-117). No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for C. malayensis.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. malayensis on okra seed.
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Choanephora cucurbitarum
|
Common names: Blight of cowpea, Blossom and fruit blight, Choanephora flower and fruit rot
|
Synonyms: Choanephorella cucurbitarum, Choanephora simsonii, Cunninghamella mandshurica, Mucor curtus, Rhopalomyces cucurbitarum, and more
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-25,
15-26,
15-27,
15-118,
15-119
|
C. cucurbitarum causes flower and fruit rot and is a common disease of many vegetable crops including beans, cantaloupe, eggplant, okra, peas, pumpkin and squash (15-25, 15-26, 15-27, 15-118, 15-119). One report describes C. cucurbitarum as seed-borne in okra (15-25); the fungus was isolated from infested okra seeds using PDA and Blotter methods. The seed-borne isolate of C. cucurbitarum was pathogenic to non-detached flowers and wounded fruit but not unwounded fruit and seedlings. Seed-transmission has not been established. There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. cucurbitarum in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. cucurbitarum on okra seed.
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|
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Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Colletotrichum spp.
|
Common species: Colletotrichum dematium, C. gloeosporioides, C. hibisci, C. plurivorum, C. truncatum
Common name: Anthracnose
|
Synonyms of C. dematium: Exosporium dematium, Lasiella dematium, Sphaeria dematium, Vermicularia dematium
Synonyms of C. truncatum: Colletotrichum capsici, C. dematium f. truncatum and more
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-1,
15-11,
15-12,
15-22,
15-28,
15-29,
15-30,
15-31,
15-116
|
Colletotrichum spp. are broad-range pathogens; many species can infect a single host, and single species can infect diverse hosts (15-22). In okra, reported species are: C. dematium, C. hibisci, C. gloeosporioides, C. pluvivorum, C. truncatum. Among these species, only C. dematium has been demonstrated to be seed-borne (15-1, 15-11, 15-30, 15-31, 15-116) in okra (15-28, 15-29). One paper dated 1985 (15-29) reported that C. dematium is seed-transmitted in okra (abstract), however the full paper could not be access and no other references could be found. Germination failure, abnormal and diseased seedlings of okra infected with several seed borne fungi, including C. dematium was reported (15-28). However, it is not known which fungal species is/are responsible for these symptoms. Furthermore, it was not further validated. Since the particular species of Colletotrichum was not specified, it cannot be concluded that Colletotrichum spp. in general are seed-transmitted in okra nor that seed is a pathway.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Colletotrichum spp. in general on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Cotton leaf curl virus
|
Common name: Cotton leaf curl disease (caused by several virus species, see remark)
Virus species associated with Cotton leaf curl disease and reported in Okra: Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV) and Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV)
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
15-32,
15-33,
15-34,
15-35,
15-36,
15-37,
15-38,
15-39,
15-40,
15-121,
15-146
|
Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) is not a recognized virus species as per ICTV. CLCuV was the initial name given to the virus causing cotton leaf curl disease in cotton (15-146). However, the disease is caused by different viruses belonging to the genus begomovirus, namely Cotton leaf curl Alahabad virus (CLCuAlV), Cotton leaf curl Bangalore virus (CLCuBaV), Cotton leaf curl Barasat virus (CLCuBarV), Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV), Cotton leaf curl Kokharan virus (CLCuKoV), and Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) (15-37, 15-38, 15-39). These viruses are transmitted by whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (15-37, 15-38, 15-39) and Cotton leaf curl disease is not seed-borne. Among these viruses, CLCuGeV has been reported to cause yellow mosaic and leaf curl in okra from different countries (15-32, 15-33, 15-34, 15-35, 15-36, 15-40) and CLCuMuV was detected in okra cultivated within a cotton field in China (15-121). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for CLCuGeV and CLCuMuV on okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CLCuV, nor CLCuGeV and CLCuMuV on okra seed.
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Cucumber mosaic virus
|
Common names: Mosaic disease, Wart disease of cucumber
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
15-41,
15-42,
15-43,
15-105,
15-122,
15-123,
15-124,
15-125
|
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the plant viruses with a very wide host range and is known to occur worldwide (15-42, 15-43, 15-105, 15-122). This virus is readily transmitted mechanically and by many aphid vectors, its main mode of transmission (15-105,). CMV has been reported to be seed-borne in a number of hosts and it is seed transmitted with varying efficiencies on several hosts (15-105, 15-124, 15-125). Although okra has been reported as host of CMV (15-41), there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for CMV in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CMV on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum
|
Common name: Fusarium wilt
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-1,
15-10,
15-44,
15-45,
15-46,
15-116,
15-126
|
F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum causes wilt in okra and cotton (15-45, 15-46) and is mainly a soil-borne fungus (15-1, 15-46, 15-116, 15-126). The seed-borne nature of the fungus has been reported in two old references with losses in dry weight of infected seeds of 20.3-24.2% (15-10, 15-44). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum on okra seed.
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Golovinomyces orontii
|
Common name: Powdery mildew
|
Synonyms: Erysiphe cichoracearum, E. polyphaga, E. orontii, Euoidium lini, Oidium begoniae, O. lini, and many more
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-50,
15-116
|
G. orontii is a common plurivorous powdery mildew species with a wide host range and a worldwide distribution, usually occurring as asexual morph (15-50). The disease is characterized by white coating of fungal mycelium on lower and upper leaf surface. The white coating on the leaf surface is often composed of spores which are easily blown by winds to nearby susceptible plants (15-116). No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for G. orontii.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of G. orontii on okra seed.
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Helicoverpa zea
|
Common names: American bollworm, Corn earworm, Okra pod worm
|
Synonyms: Chloridea obsoleta, Heliothis armigera, H. ochracea, H. umbrosa, H. zea, Ombyx obsoleta, Phalaena zea
|
Insect
|
No
|
15-51
|
H. zea, the corn earworm, also known as the okra podworm, tomato fruitworm, or cotton bollworm, attacks many vegetable crops including okra (15-51). The worm preferentially feeds on flowers and fruits of the host (15-51). Potential pathways for H. zea are cut flowers, fruits, plants for planting with and without soil attached and soil/growing media (excluding seeds) (15-51). Although okra is a known host of H. zea (15-51), there are no references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for H. zea.
Available information indicates that there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. zea on okra seed.
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Liriomyza trifolii
|
Common name: Serpentine leaf miner
|
Synonyms: Agromyza phaseolunata, Liriomyza alliivora, L. phaseolunata, Oscinis trifolii
|
Insect
|
No
|
15-52,
15-53,
15-142
|
The serpentine leafminer, L. trifolii has a wide host range including many horticulture crops (e.g. okra) in which it can cause significant yield losses and quality reductions (15-52, 15-53). The pest is mainly reported from families Alliaceae, Cucurbitacae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae and Solanacae (15-142). It is widespread and is present in America, Asia, Africa, Europe and some Pacific islands (15-52, 15-53). Liriomyza leafminers are considered to have invaded countries via the movement of infested plants (generally ornamentals) (15-52, 15-53). The larvae feed and mine in the parenchymatous tissue of the youngest leaves. The puparia remain undeveloped in the soil during the coldest periods (15-142). There are no expected pathways for leafminer spread by the movement of seed and there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for L. trifolii in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. trifolii on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Macrophomina phaseolina
|
Common names: Charcoal rot, Collar rot, Dieback, Dry rot, Fruit rot, Seedling blight
|
Synonyms: Botryodiplodia phaseoli, Dothiorella cajani, Macrophoma cajani, M. corchori, M. phaseolina, M. sesami, Macrophomina phaseoli, M. philippines, Rhizoctonia bataticola, R.lamellifera, Sclerotium bataticola, and more
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
15-7,
15-8,
15-28,
15-29,
15-54,
15-55,
15-56,
15-96,
15-116,
15-127,
15-128,
15-152
|
M. phaseolina is a soil-borne fungus with a very wide host range and a worldwide distribution (15-96, 15-152). The fungus causes several diseases in okra including root and collar rot, dieback and fruit rot (15-29, 15-54, 15-55). Naturally infected seeds of okra with M. phaseolina appear brown to black. The fungus was found to be present in the seed coat and embryo (15-7, 15-8, 15-28, 15-56, 15-116, 15-127, 15-128). Seed is a known pathway for M. phaseolina in okra. A quality system approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections, and/or testing of a representative sample of each seed lot, and careful selection of pods during commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
15-7,
15-8,
15-28,
15-30,
15-96,
15-127,
15-134,
15-152
|
The standard ISTA methods for the detection of seed-borne fungi (e.g. blotter, agar plating, deep freezing) were used for the detection of M. phaseolina on okra seed (15-7, 15-8, 15-28, 15-30, 15-127).
Molecular methods (e.g. conventional PCR, real-time PCR) using pure culture of M. phaseolina isolated from vegetable plants including okra are available (15-96, 15-134, 15-152).
|
Yes
|
Biopesticide (seed disinfection), Chemical (seed disinfection), Physical
|
15-11,
15-12,
15-30,
15-31,
15-55
|
Seed treatment with 1% NaOCl for 5 min or soaking seeds in hot water at 48°C for 12 min or 50°C for 10 min could be used for minimizing the incidence of M. phaseolina and other seed-borne fungi (15-31); Infection of M. phaseolina and other seed-borne fungi was reduced using seeds treated with Vitavax-200 (15-11), plant extracts (15-12, 15-30) and the fungus, Trichoderma spp. (15-55).
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Meloidogyne spp.
|
Common species: M. arenaria, M. enterolobii, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica
Common names: Root-knot nematode, Northern root-knot nematode (M. hapla), Peanut root-knot nematode (M. arenaria), Southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita), Sugarcane root-knot nematode (M. javanica)
|
Synonym of M. enterolobii: Meloidogyne mayaguensis
|
Nematode
|
No
|
15-57,
15-58,
15-59,
15-129
|
Okra is susceptible to several root-knot nematodes species including M. incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. hapla (15-58) and M. enterelobii (15-57, 15-59). Root-knot nematodes only affect the roots of the susceptible hosts (15-57). Eggs may remain inside root tissue or may be released into the soil matrix. Under favorable conditions, root-knot nematode eggs have been reported to survive for at least one year in the soil (15-129). Long distance dispersal is via soil and surface water particularly irrigation. There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Meloidogyne spp. on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Okra enation leaf curl virus
|
Common name: Enation leaf curl disease
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
15-60,
15-61,
15-62,
15-63,
15-130
|
Okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCV) is a Begomovirus that causes okra enation leaf curl disease characterized by upward leaf curling, vein swelling and enations (15-61, 15-62, 15-63). It is one of the major constraints in okra production particularly in India (15-62). It is known to be transmitted by whitefly, its main mode of transmission (15-60, 15-62, 15-63). OELCV can also be transmitted by grafting (15-130). Seed transmission or transmission through mechanical inoculation has not yet been established (15-62, 15-130). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for OELCV in okra.
Available information indicates that there is no scientific basis for regulation of OELCV on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Okra leaf curl virus
|
Common name: Leaf curl disease
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
15-64,
15-65,
15-66,
15-67,
15-131
|
Okra leaf curl virus (OLCV) is not a recognized species of virus as per ICTV, although there are some reports using this virus name when identified in okra with leaf curl symptoms (15-66, 15-67). However, there is an ICTV-recognized virus named Okra leaf curl Oman virus (OLCOV) which is a member of Begomovirus that causes okra leaf curl disease in okra (15-64). Okra plants infected with OLCOV show leaf curling, distortion, mosaic, yellow mosaic and stunting (15-64). OLCV is transmitted via whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) but not through okra seed nor mechanical inoculation (15-65, 15-131). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for OLCV nor OLCOV in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of OLCV (nor OLCOV) on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Okra mosaic virus
|
|
Synonym: Okra mosaic tymovirus
|
Virus
|
No
|
15-68,
15-69,
15-70,
15-71,
15-72,
15-73,
15-132
|
Okra mosaic virus (OkMV) is a member of Tymovirus that causes chlorosis, mosaic and vein banding on okra leaves (15-68, 15-72, 15-73). OkMV is transmitted mechanically and by the beetle vectors under Podagrica genus such P. decolorata, P. sjostedti and P. uniforma (15-69, 15-70, 15-71, 15-132). There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for OkMV in okra.
Available information indicates that there is no scientific basis for regulation of OkMV on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina
|
Common name: Blue mold of tobacco
|
Synonyms: Peronospora effusa var. hyoscyami, Peronospora hyoscyami, P. nicotianae, P. tabacina
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
15-74,
15-133
|
P. hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina is an oomycete that infects tobacco (15-74). Earlier publication (15-133) listed a wider host range for the fungus as some fungal names were considered as synonymas but have now been classified as separate species. The pathogen is not known to infect okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Phoma spp.
|
Common species: Phoma exigua (now called Boeremia exigua), Phoma glomerata (now called Didymella glomerata), P. sabdariffae
Common name: Boeremia spot disease
|
Synonyms of Phoma exigua: Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma exigua var. solanicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta hydrangeae
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-7,
15-75,
15-76,
15-77,
15-110,
15-135
|
Phoma spp. constitutes a diverse group of organisms that are ubiquitous; generally found in soil, organic matter, plants, and water sources (15-110). Phoma exigua (now called Boeremia exigua) has been recorded to cause Boeremia spot of okra in Brazil and China (15-75, 15-76, 15-77). P. exigua was also isolated from okra seed in India (15-77). Phoma glomerata (now called Didymella glomerata), P. sabdariffae and Phoma sp. were isolated from okra seeds in Pakistan (15-7, 15-135). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Phoma spp., P. exigua, P. glomerata and P. sabdariffae in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Phoma spp., P. exigua (i.e. Boeremia exigua), P. glomerata (i.e. Didymella glomerata) or P. sabdariffae on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Phomopsis longicolla
|
Common names: Phomopsis seed decay, Seed decay of soybean
|
Synonym: Diaporthe longicolla
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-78,
15-79,
15-80,
15-116,
15-136
|
P. longicolla is a seed-borne fungus causing Phomopsis seed decay in soybean (Glycine max) (15-78, 15-79). Phomopsis sp. is associated with different colored seeds (black colored seeds) of okra (15-116, 15-136), however, the species were not identified. Okra has been included as a host (15-80) on a factsheet on the Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex involving several diseases, including Phomopsis seed decay. No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for P. longicolla or Phomopsis spp.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. longicolla on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Phenacoccus solenopsis
|
Common name: Cotton mealybug
|
Synonyms: Phenacoccus cevalliae, P. gossypiphilous
|
Insect
|
No
|
15-81,
15-82,
15-143,
15-144,
15-145
|
P. solenopsis, commonly known as the cotton or solenopsis mealybug, is highly polyphagous, feeding on approximately 300 plant species in 65 botanical families (15-81). P. solenopsis causes severe losses to different crops worldwide; significant economic damage occurs on cotton, eggplant, okra, tomato, sesame, sunflower and China rose (15-143, 15-144, 15-145). The cotton mealybug adult and nymph suck the cell sap from the leaves, fruit, twigs and roots. Spread is by crawlers and adults in rain and wind, and on clothing and machinery. Long distance spread is associated with the movement of nursery stock, domestically and internationally. Potential pathways for P. solenopsis includes ornamentals cut flowers, tubers, bulbs, leafy vegetables but not seeds (15-81). Although okra is a known host of P. solenopsis (15-82), there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. solenopsis in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. solenopsis on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Pseudocercospora abelmoschi
|
Commone names: Brown leaf mold, Cercospora leaf spot, Leaf spot of okra
|
Synonyms: Cercospora abelmoschi, C. hibisci, C. hibisci-manihotis, Pseudocercospora hibisci
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-83,
15-147,
15-148
|
P. abelmoschi causes leaf spot in okra (15-83), however, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. abelmoschi in okra. P. abelmoschi survives and overwinters on infected plants debris in the soil. The spores are spread via wind, rain, irrigation and mechanical tools (15-147). The disease may cause severe problem in seed crop causing smaller fruits and shriveled seeds (15-148).
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. abelmoschi on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
|
Common name: Bacterial leaf bright, Bacterial canker or blast (stone and pome fruits)
|
Synonyms: Pseudomonas cerasi, P. citrarefaciens, P. citriputealis, P. hibisci, P. holci, P. japonica, P. matthiolae, P. medicaginis, P. nectarophila, P. oryzicola, P. prunicola, P. spongiosa, P. syringae, P. trifoliorum, P. utiformica, P. vignae, Phytomonas syringae and many more
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
15-84,
15-85,
15-137
|
P. syringae pv. syringae is part of the Pseudomonas syringae species complex that causes diseases of hundreds of species of monocots, herbaceous dicots and woody dicots worldwide (15-84). P. syringae pv. syringae causes bacterial leaf blight disease in okra (15-85). The bacterium was detected from asymptomatic, bold discolored and heavily discolored okra seeds (15-85). Another paper reported that infected okra seeds were smaller, irregularly shaped, chestnut colored and strongly fluorescent under UV light (15-137). The seed-borne nature of P. syringae pv. syringae has been described in okra (15-85).However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. syringae pv. syringae in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. syringae on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Pythium spp.
|
Common species: Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum
Common name: Damping-off
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-86,
15-87,
15-88,
15-116,
15-138,
15-139
|
Pythium spp. are soil-borne pathogens that cause damping-off, root rot and stem rot diseases of a wide range of hosts (15-88) including okra (15-86, 15-87, 15-116, 15-138, 15-139). P. aphanidermatum and P. ultimatum have been isolated from okra (15-138, 15-139). No references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for Pythium spp.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Pythium spp. on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Rhizoctonia spp.
|
Common species: R. solani
Common name: Charcoal and root rot, Damping-off, Rhizoctonia root rot, Root rot
|
Synonyms of R. solani: Botryobasidium solani, Ceratobasidium filamentosum, C. praticola, C. solani, Corticium praticola, C. sasakii, C. solani, C. vagum, Hypochus cucumeris, H. filamentosus, H. sasakii, H. solani, Moniliopsis solani, Pellicularia filamentosa, P. praticola, P. sasakii, P. solani, Rhizoctonia aderholdii, R. betae, R. dimorpha, R. fusca, R. gossypii, R. macrosclerotia, R. melongenae, R. napae, R. potomacensis, Sclerotium irregulare, Thanatephorus cucumeris, T. praticola, T. sasakii and more
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-1,
15-25,
15-31,
15-89,
15-90,
15-108,
15-116,
15-136,
15-140
|
Rhizoctonia species are soil-borne fungi, most of which are pathogenic. The pathogenic species infect a wide range of hosts worldwide, causing foliar and root rot diseases (15-140). Rhizoctonia species found associated with okra is R. solani, a complex of species (15-108). R. solani causes seed decay, damping-off, seed and root rot and fruit rot symptoms (15-1, 15-25, 15-31, 15-89, 15-90, 15-116, 15-136). The fungus is associated with different colored seeds (black colored seeds) (15-116, 15-136). R. solani is listed as one of the seed-borne pathogens of okra and is commonly found associated with okra seeds during postharvest (15-1, 15-90). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. solani and Rhizoctonia spp. in general in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. solani and Rhizoctonia spp. in general on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
|
Common names: Pod rot, White mould
|
Synonyms: Peziza sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia libertiana, Sclerotium varium, Whetzelinia sclerotiorum
|
Fungus
|
No
|
15-91,
15-92,
15-93,
15-94
|
S. sclerotiorum is a soil-borne fungus that causes flower blights, stem rots, fruit rots, head blight, crown rots and basal stem infection of numerous hosts (15-91, 15-93, 15-94). Sclerotia are able to survive between crop cycles (15-94). In okra, S. sclerotiorum is reported to cause pod rot (15-92), however, no references found indicating okra seeds as a pathway for S. sclerotiorum.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. sclerotiorum on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Spodoptera spp.
|
Common species: Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera praefica
Common names: Armyworm, Beet armyworm
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
15-95,
15-97,
15-98,
15-99,
15-100
|
Spodoptera species, commonly known as armyworms, belong to the Noctuidae (15-95, 15-99, 15-100). The most important pests of okra is S. exigua which has also been reported in many other plant species (15-95, 15-97). The larvae feed on the foliage of plants and can completely defoliate at the early stage of the crop (15-95). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. exigua in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Spodoptera spp. on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abelmoschus esculentus
|
Okra
|
Trogoderma spp.
|
Common species: Trogoderma granarium
Common names: Cabinet beetle, Khapra beetle
|
Synonyms of T. granarium: Trogoderma afrum, T. khapra, T. quinquefasciata
|
Insect
|
No
|
15-101,
15-102,
15-103,
15-104,
15-107,
15-109
|
The genus Trogoderma is the only phytophagous member of the family Dermestidae, a group of small beetles (15-101). Different Trogoderma species have been associated with stored products; however, T. granarium is by far the most important in terms of pest. Trogoderma particularly T. granarium (Khapra beetle) is a storage pest of cereal grains, oilseeds and other vegetable seeds (15-101, 15-104). The adult beetle does not bore into host material but young larvae feed on damaged seed and older larvae on whole grains (15-101). There is a risk that bettles might be carried along with the seeds but treatment such as chemical, biopesticide or heat to kill the pest (15-101, 15-104, 15-107). However, there are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Trogoderma spp. in okra. Another reference (15-103) list okra as a host of T. grassmani, however the original source could no tbe retrieved.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Trogoderma spp. on okra seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Colletotrichum circinans
|
|
Synonym: Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. circinans
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-5,
2-37
|
C. circinans is the causal agent of smudge on onion bulbs. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. circinans in onion. The fungus is soilborne and spread by infested plant material and soil.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. circinans on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pectobacterium rhapontici
|
|
Synonym: Erwinia rhapontici
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
2-45,
2-91,
2-92,
2-93
|
E. rhapontici is a wound pathogen that is known to occur on onion. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. rhapontici in onion. Seed can be a pathway in peas and bean. The pathogen is also the causal agent of bulb rot in garlic. In experiments with naturally infected seeds of pea or artificially inoculated seeds of bean and wheat, E. rhapontici did not establish systemic infection throughout the plants.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. rhapontici on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Ditylenchus destructor
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
2-86,
2-87,
2-88
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. destrutor in onion. Onion can be a host but it is potato that is mainly affected. True seeds (including grains) are not known to carry the pest. Experimentally it was shown that onion bulbs can be affected.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. destructor on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Embellisia allii
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-112,
2-113,
2-165
|
E. allii has been reported on onion but there are no references indicating seed as a pathway for E. allii in onion. Causal agent of skin blotch and bulb canker in garlic.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. allii on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Eumerus strigatus
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-114,
2-115,
2-160
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for E. strigatus on onion. Damage on onion is limited. Narcissus fly or onion bulb fly mainly causes damage on hyacinth, narcissus and tulips.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. trigatus on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Eumerus tuberculatus
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-114,
2-116,
2-117,
2-161
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for E. tuberculatus on onion. Lesser bulb flies are sometimes damaging to onion, narcissus, and hyacinth. Other hosts include shallots, garlic, iris, lilies, parsnips, potato tubers, amaryllis, cabbage roots.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. tuberculatus on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Frankliniella spp.
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-69,
2-70,
2-162,
2-163
|
Thrips can cause injury to onions and possibly vector Pantoea ananatis and Iris yellow spot virus in the field. However, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Frankliniella spp. on onion. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of thrips being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Frankliniella spp. on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-3,
2-119,
2-141
|
This fungus is the causal agent of basal rot and is commonly found in soil. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae on onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Fusarium tricinctum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-120,
2-141
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for F. tricinctum in onion. F. tricinctum is known to cause damping off and recently identified as a causal agent of pink rot (storage rot) of onion bulbs.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. tricinctum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
2-6,
2-53,
2-54,
2-172
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for IYSV in onion. This tospovirus is vectored by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci).
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of IYSV on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
2-54,
2-56,
2-173
|
Onion is not easily infected by LYSV. The main hosts for this potyvirus are leek, garlic and shallots. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for LYSV in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of LYSV on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Liriomyza trifolii
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-72,
2-164,
2-168
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for L. trifolii on onion. Leaf miners in onion and garlic belong to three related species L. huidobrensis, L. trifolii and L. sativae. Leaf miners are easily transported with plant material such as cut flowers, branches with foliage and leafy vegetables. Seed is not known as one of the plant materials for spread of leaf miners.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. trifolii on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Longidorus spp.
|
Common species: Longidorus elongatus
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
2-4,
2-126,
2-141,
2-155
|
Longidorus africanis is the needle nematode species associated with disease of onion. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Longidorus spp. in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Longidorus spp. on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Meloidogyne graminicola
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
2-4,
2-127,
2-151
|
The Dutch PPO PRA on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. on onion. The root-knot nematode has a worldwide distribution. M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. chitwoodi have been reported as parasites of onion and garlic.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. graminicola on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Meloidogyne incognita
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
2-1,
2-4,
2-127,
2-151
|
The Dutch PPO PRA on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Meloidogyne incognita on onion. The root-knot nematode has a worldwide distribution. M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. chitwoodi have been reported as parasites of onion and garlic.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. incognita on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Meloidogyne spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
2-1,
2-4,
2-127,
2-151
|
The Dutch PPO PRA on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. on onion. The root-knot nematode has a worldwide distribution. M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica and M. chitwoodi have been reported as parasites of onion and garlic.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Meloidogyne spp. on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Cornu aspersum
|
|
Synonym: Helix aspersa
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-71,
2-85
|
C. aspersum (the brown garden snail) can be a pest on onion plants, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. aspersum on onion. Normal harvesting, seed cleaning and sanitization of onion seed would reduce the threat of C. aspersum being associated with the seed. This mollusc can be transported long distances on plant material.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. aspersum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
2-1,
2-4,
2-41,
2-73,
2-133,
2-176,
2-177,
2-178
|
OYDV is a potyvirus that has a host range limited to various species of Allium, including onions. There is very limited information on seed as a pathway for this virus. One older reference indicates seed as a pathway based solely on visual observations. The presence of the virus was not verified by any testing methods. It is known that seed from plants infected with OYDV give rise to weak unhealthy plants. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for OYDV in onion. The virus is transmitted during vegetative propagation or by aphids (for instance Myzus persicae).
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of OYDV on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Delia antiqua
|
|
Synonym: Hylemia antiqua
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-4,
2-5
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. antiqua (the onion maggot) on onion seed. It overwinters as pupa in soil.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. antiqua on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Paratrichodorus spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
2-67,
2-141
|
P. allius, P. minor and P. teres have been reported on onion, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for these nematodes in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Paratrichodorus spp. on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pratylenchus penetrans
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
2-57,
2-81,
2-141
|
Onion is known to be a host of P. penetrans, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. penetrans on onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. penetrans on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
2-59,
2-79
|
P. marginalis pv marginalis is known to occur on onion, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway P. marginalis pv. marginalis in onion. Causal agent of stalk and leaf necrosis as well as bulb soft rot.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. marginalis pv. marginalis on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
2-58,
2-77,
2-78
|
P. syringae pv. porri is known to occur on onion, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P syringae pv. porri in onion. This pathogen is known to be seed-borne in leek.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. porri on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pseudomonas viridiflava
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
2-1,
2-80,
2-141
|
P. viridiflava has been reported to occur on onion, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. viridiflava in onion. It is thought to be an opportunistic but weak pathogen. In the areas where this disease is a concern, an abundant local source of overwintering inoculum on soybeans is suspected to be a cause.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. viridiflava on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Puccinia asparagi
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-4,
2-38,
2-39,
2-51
|
Onion can be a host of P. asparagi but it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. asparagi in onion. Causal agent of rust in asparagus. May also attack shallot and chives.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. asparagi on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pythium graminicola
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
2-1,
2-49,
2-141
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. graminicola in onion. The fungus is a ubiquitous soil-borne pest. Onion is a host especially at the seedling stage. Planting treated seed is important in dealing with the fungus in onion. No information could be found for this host-pest combination in literature since 1973.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. graminicola on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pythium irregulare
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
2-1,
2-49,
2-141
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. irregulare in onion. The fungus is a ubiquitous soil-borne pest. Planting treated seed is important in dealing with this fungus in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. irregulare on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pythium vexans
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
2-1,
2-49,
2-141
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. vexans in onion. The fungus is a ubiquitous soil-borne pest. Planting treated seed is important in dealing with this fungus in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. vexans on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-1,
2-31,
2-141,
2-183
|
Onion is known to be host of S. sclerotiorum. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. sclerotiorum in onion. Causal agent of Sclerotinia rot of onions.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. sclerotiorum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Sclerotium cepivorum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-83,
2-89
|
Allium spp. are the primary hosts of S. cepivorum. The fungus is ubiquitous in soil worldwide. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. cepivorum in onion. Causal agent of white rot of onion. Sclerotia of the fungus survive in soil for many years.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. cepivorum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Spodoptera littoralis
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-158,
2-159
|
The Egyptian cottonworm has a very wide host range including onion. No references were found indicating seed as a pathway for S. littoralis in onion. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should reduce the threat of this insect being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. littoralis on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Stegobium paniceum
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-1,
2-141,
2-157
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. paniceum in onion. Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle, biscuit beetle, bread beetle) is very common and found worldwide. It can cause damage on grains.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. paniceum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
2-1,
2-85,
2-95,
2-141,
2-152,
2-153,
2-154,
2-182
|
Tomato black ring virus is reported to be soil borne and only rarely has onion been noted as a host. Older literature has been cited for seed as a pathway, however, those articles do not mention Allium cepa at all. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for TBRV in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TBRV on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Setophoma terrestris
|
|
Synonym: Phoma terrestris, Pyrenochaeta terrestris
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-5,
2-48,
2-49
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. terrestris in onion. Causal agent of pink root of onion. The fungus survives in soil.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. terrestis on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Burkholderia cepacia
|
|
Synonym: Pseudomonas cepacia
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
2-5,
2-34,
2-35,
2-75
|
No references indicating seed as a pathway B. cepacia in onion. The bacterium causes sour skin of onion and is commonly isolated from soil and plants. The disease expresses itself when subject to poor cultural practices as well as wet weather, overhead irrigation and poorly cured (stored) bulbs.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. cepacia on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Burkholderia gladioli pv. alliicola
|
|
Synonym: Pseudomonas gladioli pv. alliicola
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
2-50,
2-76
|
No references indicating seed as a pathway for B. gladioli pv. alliicola in onion. The bacterium causes slippery skin of onions and is commonly isolated from soil and onion refuse. A wet environment is reported to be a major cause of an outbreak of disease.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. gladioli pv. alliicola on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Macrophomina phaseolina
|
|
Synonym: Sclerotium bataticola
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-1,
2-4
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for M. phaseolina in onion. Causal agent of charcoal rot in garlic and onion. The pathogen survives as sclerotia in soil, colonized plant debris, or weeds. Seed can be a pathway for this fungus in bean.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. phaseolina on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Botrytis squamosa
|
|
Teleomorph: Botryotinia squamosa
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-14,
2-19,
2-20
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for B. squamosa in onion. Primarily a leaf blight pathogen of onion found in temperate regions when bulb or seed productions coincide with high relative humidity and rainfall. The fungus overwinters 1) in onion cull piles as sclerotia or mycelia on bulbs or onion leaf debris, or 2) as sclerotia in the soil. Disease is initiated and spread by airborne conidia.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. squamosa on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Aphelenchoides besseyi
|
|
Synonym: Aphelenchoides oryzae
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
2-100,
2-139
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of A. besseyi. The rice white-tip nematode is a seed-borne plant parasitic nematode in rice. It is listed as a quarantine pest on the EPPO A2 list. The main hosts are rice and strawberry.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. besseyi on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Thielaviopsis basicola
|
|
Synonym: Chalara elegans
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-36,
2-107,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of T. basicola. This soilborne fungus is the causal agent of black root rot in cotton, tobacco and soybean.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. basicola on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Aphelenchoides fragariae
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
2-140
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of A. fragariae. This is a foliar nematode with an extensive host range and a major pest of strawberries worldwide.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. fragariae on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Ascochyta abelmoschi
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-101,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of A. abelmoschi. This fungus is the causal agent of leaf spot, pod spot or stem spot on okra and it has been isolated from okra seeds.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. abelmoschi on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
2-108
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, which is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. When inoculated experimentally, the bacterium was not pathogenic to onion leaf tissue.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-109
|
Onion was reported as a host of D. phaseolorum var sojae in the IMI description in 1973, however, no other references found indicating onion as a host of D. phaseolorum var sojae. The fungus is the causal agent of pod and stem blight on soyabean.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. phaseolorum var. sojae on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Dyspessa ulula
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
2-85,
2-134,
2-180
|
Dyspessa ulula, commonly known as the garlic borer, can affect onions, however, it is most commonly found on garlic. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. ulula on onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. ulula on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Globodera spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
2-81,
2-122,
2-123
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of Globodera spp. The nematode has a very narrow host range. One reference states that G. rostochiensis invaded the roots of onion but was not able to develop beyond the 2nd larval stage.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Globodera spp. on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Heterodera spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
2-124,
2-125,
2-170,
2-171
|
Only one obscure and dated report found that onion is a host of Heterodera spp. and it was H. mothi. No other references found indicating onion as a host of Heterodera spp. Onion was reported or mentioned as a non-host for H. zeae and H. schachtii. Heterodera is most common on soybean.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Heterodera spp. on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Naupactus spp.
|
Common species: Naupactus leucoloma
|
|
Insect
|
Not a host
|
2-110,
2-144
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of Naupactus spp., the white fringed beetle.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Naupactus spp. on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Okra leaf curl virus (OLCV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
2-129
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of OLCV. This is a major pest in okra.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of OLCV on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Onion mosaic virus
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
2-47,
2-74,
2-130,
2-131,
2-132
|
Onion mosaic virus is an invalid virus name and not recognized by the ICTV! It was re-identified as well-known viruses or as strains or mixtures of such viruses. Old references in Russian indicate that the virus is transmitted by aphids or the insect Acerina tulipae. These references also indicated that infected seeds do not germinate.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Onion mosaic virus on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Mycosphaerella schoenoprasi
|
|
Synonym: Mycosphaerella allicina
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-128,
2-141,
2-145
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of M. schoenoprasi. The only references to M schoenoprasi are out of Japan and indicate the hosts are A. porrum and A. fistulosum.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. schoenoprasi on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Phoma sabdariffae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-136,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of P. sabdaiffae. The fungus is reported as a pathogen of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa).
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. sabdariffae on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Phomopsis longicolla
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-137,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of P. longicolla. The fungus is a pathogen of soybean and the causal agent of seed decay. Seed can be a pathway in soybean.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. longicolla on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pratylenchus brachyurus
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
2-61,
2-63,
2-81,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of P. brachyurus. Experimental inoculations showed that onions were not susceptible.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. brachyurus on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pratylenchus coffeae
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
2-62,
2-81,
2-141
|
There is only one dated reference ('60s) that indicates P. coffae can be associated with onion. No other references indicating onion as a host of this nematode.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. coffeae on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pseudomonas corrugata
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of P. corrugata. This bacterium is the causal agent of pith necrosis in tomato.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. corrugata on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of P. syringae pv. lachrymans. This bacterium is the causal agent of angular leafspot in cucurbits.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. lachrymans on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-55,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of P. syringae pv. syringae. The bacterium has a wide host range, however, on vegetables it is most commonly known as the causal agent of bacterial brown spot on beans.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. syringae on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Synchytrium endobioticum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-5,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of S. endobioticum. This bacterium is the causal agent of canker or wart disease in potato.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. endobioticum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
2-1
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of TMV. The virus does infect tomato and pepper and seed can be a pathway in those crops.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TMV on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-141,
2-156
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of TRSV. The virus does infect tomato and pepper. Seed can be a pathway in soybean and weeds.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TRSV on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-5,
2-10,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of ToRSV.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of ToRSV on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Urocystis agropyri
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-141,
2-148
|
U. agropyri is the causal agent of flag smut in wheat. No references found indicating onion as a host of U. agropyri.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of U. agropyri on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Ustilago allii
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-82
|
Ustilago allii is an invalid fungal name! The reference to this fungal name is from 1895.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of U. allii on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Verticillium albo-atrum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-4,
2-141
|
Although V. albo-atrum has a wide host range, no references found indicating that onion is a host of V. albo-atrum.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of V. albo-atrum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-4,
2-5,
2-141
|
No references found indicating that onion is a host of X. campestris pv. phaseoli. This bacterium is the causal agent of common blight and fuscous blight on beans.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. campestris pv. phaseoli on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Fusarium avenaceum
|
|
Teleomorph: Gibberella avenacea
|
Fungus
|
No
|
2-1,
2-85,
2-118,
2-141,
2-167,
2-181
|
F. avenaceum is a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen. Onion is not a common host for F. avenaceum. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for F. avenaceum on onion. It is most commonly found on grains. Seed may be a pathway on grains and clover. One reference indicates this fungus was once isolated from onion seeds but there was no confirmation of onion as a host.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. avenaceum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-4,
2-5,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. This bacterium is the causal agent of bacterial spot on tomato and pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
2-1,
2-4,
2-5,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of X. campestris pv. vitians. The bacterium is the causal agent of bacterial wilt or dry leaf spot on lettuce.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. campestris pv. vitians on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Cercospora duddiae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-1,
2-4,
2-106
|
C. duddiae is the causal agent of leaf blight or withertip which is of limited importance. Seed as a pathway was implied in earlier literature (1960) but no other references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. duddiae on onion. Transmission by air-borne or water-splash dispersed conidia, and by transportation with onion bulbs.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. duddiae on onion seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for C. duddiae on onion.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Dickeya chrysanthemi
|
|
Synonym: Erwinia chrysanthemi
|
Bacterium
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-68,
2-166
|
There are reports of D. chrysanthemi causing a bacterial soft rot of onions under certain conditions. There is one report of an association of the bacterium with onion seed in 1989. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. chrysanthemi in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. chrysanthemi on onion seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for D. chrysanthemi on onion.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found describing a seed treatment for D. chrysanthemi on onion.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Botrytis cinerea
|
|
Teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-14,
2-104
|
B. cinerea is the causal agent of brown stain of onion bulbs. B. cinerea is ubiquitous and is commonly found in and on senescing and dead plant tissue. Although an association with seed may occur, seed as a pathway has not been confirmed to be a significant factor in the epidemiology of the disease. Bulb infection is restricted to the outer surface and is primarily cosmetic. This species of Botrytis is not associated with neck rot of onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. cinerea on onion seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
2-104
|
B. cinerea differentiated from B. allii by morphological characteristics. In agar testing this species would be detected in parallel with testing for the presence of B. allii.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
2-25,
2-26
|
Seed treatments used to control B. allii would be effective against B. cinerea.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Botrytis porri
|
|
Teleomorph: Botryotinia porri
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-15
|
B. porri is primarily a pathogen of garlic and leek. One abstract indicates an association of the fungus with onion seed. However, no other references found indicating seed as a pathway for B. porri on onion. In a survey of a symptomless field, B. porri was isolated from the seed but there was no damage to the crop.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. porri on onion seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
2-15
|
A rudimentary plating method is described in this reference. A description of a validated seed assay was not found.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
2-25,
2-27
|
Seed treatments used to control B. allii would be effective against B. porri.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Botrytis allii
|
|
Synonym: Botrytis aclada
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
2-1,
2-13,
2-14,
2-104,
2-105
|
B. allii is one of the primary causal agents of neck rot in onion. Both names (B. allii and B. aclada) are generally used. Two subgroups within B. aclada (AI and AII) have been distinguished based on chromosome number and conidial dimension. Yohalem et.al proposed that B. aclada be reserved for the small-spored subgroup AI and B. allii for the larger-spored subgroup AII of B. aclada. Seed is a known pathway for B. allii in onion and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed productions by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.
|
Yes
|
Molecular methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
2-23,
2-24,
2-25,
2-26,
2-175
|
Method descriptions include blotter incubation and a molecular method with PCR. The latter is an indirect method of testing (no isolation of the pathogen) and viable and non-viable pathogens not distinguished. A seed test is commercially available.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed coating)
|
2-25,
2-27,
2-28
|
Seed treatments effective in controlling B. allii on onion seed.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Botrytis byssoidea
|
|
Teleomorph: Botryotinia allii
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
2-13,
2-14,
2-104
|
B. byssoidea is one of the primary causal agents of neck rot of onion (with B. allii). Seed is a known pathway for B. byssoidea in onion and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed productions by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
2-13,
2-104,
2-175
|
B. byssoidea differentiated from B. allii by morphological characteristics. In agar testing this species would be detected in parallel with testing for the presence of B. alli. A seed test is commerically available.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
2-25,
2-27
|
Seed treatments effective in controlling B. byssoidea on onion seed.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Trogoderma granarium
|
|
|
Insect
|
Not a host
|
2-98,
2-149,
2-184,
2-185,
2-186,
2-187,
2-188,
2-189
|
No references found indicating that onion can be affected by T. granarium or that onion is a host. T. granarium, commonly known as the Khapra beetle, is usually associated with grains and cereals. Most damage occurs in storage warehouses. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. granarium onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Trogoderma spp.
|
|
|
Insect
|
Not a host
|
2-149,
2-150
|
No references found indicating that onion can be affected by Trogoderma spp. or that onion is a host. There are many Trogoderma species.The most common is T. granarium. See that entry for further information and additional references. These insects are storage pests of grains and cereals. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Trogoderma spp. on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum
|
|
Synonym: Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
2-1,
2-5,
2-141
|
P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum is the causal agent of bacterial soft rot of onion and numerous other crops. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Fusarium proliferatum
|
|
Synonym: Cephalosporium proliferatum
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-120,
2-121,
2-169
|
Seed as a pathway has not been clearly established. There are two reports of an association with seed but the importance of this pathway is not clear. Causal agent of pink rot (storage rot) of onion bulbs. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
2-121
|
Agar plating method.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Aspergillus niger
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-1,
2-17,
2-102
|
Seed can be a pathway for A. niger in onion. However, its significance in the epidemiology of the disease is uncertain. This fungus is very common in soil and field refuse. Causal agent of black mold on onion, garlic, carrot, pods of beans and peas and other vegetables and fruits. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
2-29
|
Rudimentary plating method. Validated seed assay not found.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
2-17,
2-18
|
Hot water or seed treatment with fungicides is effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Peronospora destructor
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-1,
2-5,
2-22,
2-65
|
P. destructor is the causal agent of downy mildew in onion. There is conflicting evidence as to whether seed is a pathway for P. destructor in onion and whether it plays a significant role in the epidemiology of the disease. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for P. destructor on onion.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Puccinia allii
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-1,
2-44,
2-52,
2-138,
2-141
|
Onion is known to be a host of P. allii, however, seed as a pathway is not proven. The association of spores with seed as a factor in the epidemiology of the disease is not certain. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for P. destructor on onion.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Urocystis cepulae
|
|
Synonym: Urocystis colchici
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-1,
2-42,
2-147
|
U. cepulae is the causal agent of smut on onion. Teliospores can be associated with onion seed, however, this means of distribution is considered unimportant. Fungus overwinters in soil for 15 years or longer. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Visual seed inspection method
|
2-146
|
A seed test is commercially available.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
|
|
Teleomorph: Glomerella cingulata
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-1,
2-2,
2-46
|
Causal agent of leaf anthracnose and twister disease in onion but seed as a pathway is not proven. One reference implies that seed may have been a factor in anthracnose outbreaks in Brazil in 1996 and is cited repeatedly. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. gloeosporioides on onion. Spores of the fungus survive in the soil and crop debris and can be disseminated through water and possibly seed. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for C. gloeosporioides on onion.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Cladosporium allii-cepae
|
|
Teleomorph: Mycosphaerella allii-cepae
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-1,
2-21
|
C. allii-cepae is the causal agent of leaf blotch but seed as a pathway is not proven. One reference describes glasshouse tests where flower inflorescences of onions were dusted with conidia of C. allii-cepae, a few onion seeds became contaminated. No infected onion seeds were obtained from naturally-infected plants in the field. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. allii-cepae in onion. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for C. allii-cepae on onion.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Stemphylium botryosum
|
|
Teleomorph: Pleospora herbarum
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
2-90,
2-94,
2-96,
2-97,
2-118
|
Some references indicate an association of S. botryosum spores with seed, however, no references found to indicate that seed is a proven pathway in onion seed. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for S. botryosum on onion.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Alternaria porri
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
2-1,
2-16
|
Seed is a pathway in onion. A. porri is the causal agent of purple blotch on onion, garlic, leek and probably other Allium spp. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
2-16,
2-142
|
Rudimenatry plating method described in 2-16. Validated seed assay not found. Commercial seed test (2-142) is available.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
2-16
|
Single treatment not 100% effective
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Pantoea ananatis
|
|
Synonym: Erwinia ananas
|
Bacterium
|
Yes
|
2-7,
2-9,
2-65,
2-66
|
Seed has been shown to be a pathway for P. ananatis in onion. Causal agent of center rot in onion bulbs. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods
|
2-8,
2-9,
2-135
|
Agar spread plating methods described. DNA technique used for confirmation of suspected colonies.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating seed treatments are effective against Pantoea ananatis.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Ditylenchus dipsaci
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Yes
|
2-30,
2-40,
2-111
|
Seed is known to be a pathway for D. dipsaci in onion. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Visual seed inspection method
|
2-30,
2-40
|
Seed tests available in commercial laboratories. Seed is dissected underwater and observed microscopically for nematodes.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed disinfection)
|
2-4
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Yes
|
2-11,
2-12,
2-84
|
Seed is known to be a pathway for X. axonopodis. pv. allii in A. cepa. The pest has a narrow host range - Allium spp. - and is the causal agent of bacterial blight in onion. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods
|
2-12,
2-84
|
Selective media and a BIO-PCR method. No validated or commercial seed assay available. PCR is an indirect way of testing (no isolation of the pathogen) and does not distinguish between viable and non-viable pathogen.
|
No
|
|
2-174,
2-179
|
No references found indicating a seed treatment is effective against X. axonopodis pv allii on onion seed, however, general references found describing seed treatments effective against bacteria on seed.
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Stemphylium vesicarium
|
|
Teleomorph: Pleospora allii
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
2-16,
2-43
|
S. vesicarium is the causal agent of leaf blight and stalk rot of onion. The disease is most severe under warm and moist conditions. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
2-16
|
Plating seed on PDA. No validated seed test and no commercial seed tests available.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
2-16
|
Various treatments were applied and none were 100% effective
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Aster Yellows
|
|
Synonym: Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris
|
Mollicute (spiroplasma, phytoplasma)
|
No
|
2-33,
2-103,
2-143,
2-190,
2-191
|
Aster Yellows phytoplasma is transmitted by a variety of polyphagous leafhopper species and has a wide range of plant hosts. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Aster Yellows in onion.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Aster Yellows on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Phytophthora capsici
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
2-4,
2-64,
2-141
|
No references found indicating onion as a host of P. capsici. Causal agent of Phytophthora blight in pepper. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this fungus in pepper or any other crops.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. capsici on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allium cepa
|
Onion
|
Aceria tulipae
|
|
Synonym: Eriophyes tulipae
|
Mite
|
No
|
2-32,
2-60,
2-99
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for A. tulipae in onion. This mite is primarily regarded as a damaging pest of stored garlic bulbs and is connected with the transmission of mite-borne viruses in garlic and shallot.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. tulipae on onion seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Acarus siro
|
|
Synonym: Tyroglyphus farinae
|
Insect
|
Yes
|
10-58,
10-312
|
Commonly known as the "flour mite", this insect has been known to be associated with stored seed of B. oleracea. It is most commonly associated with cereal seed and cereal flour. Risk of association with seed is most commonly controlled through seed treatments.
|
No
|
Serological methods
|
10-94,
10-145
|
The seed tests cited are developed on cereal crops. No references found indicating seed tests for B. oleracea.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
10-58,
10-63,
10-146,
10-147
|
Seed treatments can be effective against the insect. Reference 147 cites biological control using predators.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Alternaria armoraciae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-128,
10-132,
10-344
|
There is limited information on this species of Alternaria. Existing information indicates that A. armoraciae is only found on Armoracia rusticana (horseradish). No references found indicating that B. oleracea is host of A. armoraciae.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. amoraciae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Alternaria dauci
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-77,
10-95,
10-128,
10-132,
10-331
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea is a natural host of A. dauci. In a very dated report, cabbage and radish were shown to be susceptible when inoculated experimentally.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. dauci on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Aphanomyces raphani
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-12,
10-114,
10-138
|
A. raphani is the causal agent of black root of crucifers and is soilborne. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for A. raphani on B. oleracea. One reference suggests that infected plant residue associated with the seed could be a pathway. However, commercial cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for debris and dead plant tissue to be associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. raphani on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
10-51,
10-54,
10-183,
10-258,
10-259
|
B. oleracea is not commonly known as a host of ArMV in nature. B. oleracea has been noted as susceptible when inoculated experimentally. Arabis mosaic virus is noted as being seedborne in a number of crops and the primary references are papers by Lister and Murant. These papers do not indicate seed as a pathway for ArMV in B. oleracea. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for ArMV on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of ArMV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Arracacha virus A
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
10-120,
10-179,
10-332
|
In nature, this virus only infects Arracacha xanthorrhiza (Apiaceae) and is limited to one area of Peru. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Arracacha virus A. Some Brassica species were susceptible when inoculated experimentally.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Arracacha virus A on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Aspergillus flavus
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-1,
10-26,
10-97
|
No references found indicating A. flavus being the causal agent of a disease on B. oleracea. The primary information for seed as a pathway are two references wherein local seed sources were plated onto a general agar medium or a blotter. No information was provided on seed lot history, handling or cleaning. In both cases A. flavus was found as a superficial contaminant. Commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove superficial contaminants from being associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. flavus on B. oleracea seed.
|
No
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
10-26,
10-97
|
No references found describing a seed test for A. flavus on B. oleracea. Some descriptions of isolations of fungi associated with seed.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Aspergillus holophilicus
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-92,
10-165
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of A. holophilicus.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. holophilicus on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Aspergillus niger
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-1,
10-97,
10-347
|
Aspergillus niger is a common saprophyte. The primary information for seed as a pathway are two references wherein local seed sources were plated onto a general agar medium or a blotter. No information was provided on seed lot history, handling or cleaning. A. niger was found as a superficial contaminant. Commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove superficial contaminants from being associated with the seed. Could be a seed storage contaminant if seed is stored in high humidity.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. niger on B. oleracea seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found describing a seed test for A. niger on B. oleracea. Some descriptions of isolations of fungi associated with seed.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating and seed disinfection)
|
10-19
|
One reference found indicating a seed treatment. In addition, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus. Seed treatments are commercially available.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Beet western yellows virus
(BWYV)
|
|
Synonym: Turnip yellows virus
|
Virus
|
No
|
10-121,
10-165,
10-180,
10-333
|
BWYV has a very wide host range which includes brassica crops. Transmission is by aphid vectors, mainly the green peach aphid. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Luteoviruses.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of BWYV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Botrytis cinerea
|
|
Synonym: Sclerotinia fuckeliana; Teleomorph: Botryotinia fuckeliana
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-92,
10-160,
10-165,
10-343
|
B. cinerea is an occassional problem on B. oleracea in the field usually when plants are damaged or during extensive periods of high humidity. The fungus can be the cause of a head rot in storage. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for B. cinerea in B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of B. cinerea on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Broccoli necrotic yellows virus (BNYV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
10-29,
10-334
|
The primary means of transmission of BNYV is by aphids. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for spread of BNYV.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of BNYV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-47,
10-243,
10-244
|
Commonly known as the Carnation Tortrix, this moth can feed on Brassica species and more than 160 other species of plants. Mainly an issue on greenhouse crops (especially carnation). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. pronubana on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. pronubana on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
10-57,
10-165,
10-182,
10-335
|
CaMV is transmitted by at least 27 aphid species. Wild radish and wild cabbage serve as natural reservoirs for the virus. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for CaMV. Found in most countries where Brassicas grown.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CaMV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cercospora armoraciae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-165,
10-260,
10-295,
10-348
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of C. armoraciae. There have been limited reports of C. armoraciae on horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum).
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. armoraciae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cercospora brassicicola
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-12,
10-134,
10-148,
10-149,
10-326
|
C. brassicicola is the causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot of B. oleracea. There are several sources that suggest that seed is a pathway, however, no references found with data that provides evidence that seed is a pathway. Seed is a pathway for some other Cercospora pathogens in other crops (e.g. Cercopora betae).
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. brassicicola on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Ceutorhynchus obstrictus
|
|
Synonym: Ceutorhynchus assimilis
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-175,
10-327,
10-328
|
B. oleracea is a host of the cabbage seedpod weevil. The larvae undergo three instars in the seed pod. After the final instar the mature larvae chew an exit hole and drop to the ground to pupate in the soil. No references found indicating seed as a pathway.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. obstrictus on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cladosporium cucumerinum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-44,
10-349
|
C. cucumerinum is the causal agent of scab/gummosis of cucurbits. No references found indicating Brassica oleracea is a host of C. cucumerinum.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. cucumerinum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cladosporium herbarum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-165,
10-221,
10-350
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of C. herbarum. Older literature suggests that C. herbarum may be associated with seed of B. napus and B. campestris.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. herbarum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cladosporium spp.
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-65,
10-165,
10-227
|
References found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Cladosporium spp. are very limited and do not provide any data to support the claims.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Cladosporium spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cochliobolus sativus
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-73,
10-191,
10-351
|
No references found indicating Brassica spp. are hosts of C. sativus. Primarily found on cereals, grains and other members of Poaceae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. sativus on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Colletotrichum destructivum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-34,
10-154,
10-155,
10-157,
10-159,
10-336,
10-352
|
The primary hosts of C. destructivum are alfalfa and clover. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of C. destructivum.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. destructivum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Colletotrichum spp.
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-165,
10-342
|
There are many species of Colletotrichum, however, the only reports indicating Colletotrichum on B. oleracea is C. higginsianum-see entry for this species for further information.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Colletotrichum spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Cucumber mosaic virus
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
10-36,
10-123,
10-165,
10-197,
10-338
|
Brassica oleracea is considered a minor host of CMV and infection only gives rise to mild symptoms. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for CMV in B. oleracea. CMV has a very wide host range and seed may be a pathway in some hosts.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CMV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Curvularia spp.
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-97,
10-165,
10-342
|
No references found indicating Curvularia as a causal agent of disease on B. oleracea. There is one report of an association of Cuvularia sp. with seed of a mix of unknown cultivars of cauliflower collected from fields in Pakistan. However, Koch's postulates were not completed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Curvularia spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Ditylenchus dipsaci
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-37,
10-165,
10-204
|
B. oleracea can be a host of the stem and bulb nematode (D. dipsaci). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. dipsaci on B. oleracea. The nematode can become attached to the seeds of some host plants (e.g. onions, lucerne, faba beans)
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. dipsaci on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Frankliniella spp.
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-15,
10-24,
10-25,
10-302
|
B. oleracea is a secondary host of Frankliniella thrips, usually only attacking the crop when primary hosts die off. No references found indicating seeds as a pathway for any species of the genus Frankliniella.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Franliniella spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Fusarium moniliforme
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-40,
10-165,
10-174,
10-342,
10-353
|
F. moniliforme is not reported as a causal agent of disease on B. oleracea. One report found an association of F. moniliforme with cauliflower and cabbage seed. However, the seed sources were not identified, fungal identification was not confirmed and Koch's postulates were not completed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. moniliforme on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-88,
10-92,
10-158,
10-161,
10-165,
10-228,
10-281
|
No references found clearly indicating seed as a pathway for F. oxysporum f sp conglutinans in B. oleracea. There are several inferences made that seed might be a pathway at low levels, however, these statements are derived from one dated reference that has no data to support these statements. The industry is not aware of seed as a pathway in B. oleracea. Commercial harvesting (only seed from healthy plants), cleaning and sanitization would limit the chance for seed being contaminated.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. o. f. sp. conglutinans on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Fusarium oxysporum (complex)
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-52,
10-165,
10-228,
10-354
|
No information given because the forma specialis of F. oxysporum has not been specified. See F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans for the most common Fusarium found on B. oleracea.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-88,
10-144,
10-165,
10-228,
10-239
|
F. o. raphani is normally found on radish and daikon. Only one report indicates infection on B. oleracea when experimentally inoculated. No other references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of F. o. raphani. Some evidence that seed may be a pathway at low levels in radish.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Fusarium semitectum
|
|
Synonym: Fusarium incarnatum
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-165,
10-342,
10-355
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of F. semitectum.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. semitectum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Fusarium solani
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-92,
10-165,
10-231,
10-263,
10-356
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Fusarium solani. Fusarium solani is referred to as a species complex (FSSC) containing several forma specialis designations. See F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans for information regarding the most common species of Fusarium found on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. solani on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Helicoverpa zea
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-176,
10-177,
10-330
|
This insect, commonly known as the corn earworm, has a wide host range. Cabbage and some other Brassicas are secondary or poor hosts. Pupae form in the soil. If present, commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of B. oleracea seed should reduce the threat of the insect being associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. zea on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Helix aspersa
|
|
Synonym: Cornu aspersum
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-136,
10-291,
10-303
|
The garden snail can be associated with plants of B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. aspersa in B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization would eliminate the presence of the pest. This mollusc can be transported long distances on plant material.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Helix aspersa on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Helix spp.
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-136,
10-291,
10-303,
10-329
|
Other species of Helix are more limited in distribution than H. apsersa but they may be associated with plants of B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Helix spp. on B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization would eliminate the presence of the pest. This mollusc can be transported long distances on plant material.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Helix spp on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Heterodera cruciferae
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-165,
10-252,
10-253,
10-254,
10-255
|
This is a cyst forming nematode that feeds on Brassica crops. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. cruciferae on B. oleracea. Nematode movement is primarily passive: soil, water, tools, etc. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove the threat of cyst contaminanted soil being associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. cruciferae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Heterodera glycines
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-165,
10-247,
10-248,
10-249,
10-250,
10-251,
10-316,
10-320,
10-321
|
This is a cyst forming nematode whose primary host is Glycine max (soybean). Only one report found indicating this nematode was found on Brassica napus subsp oleifera. The cyst nematodes commonly found on B. oleracea are H. cruciferae and H. schachtii. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. glycines on B. oleracea. Nematode movement is primarily passive: soil, water, tools, etc. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove the threat of cyst contaminated soil being associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. cruciferae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Heterodera schachtii
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-50,
10-119,
10-165,
10-247
|
B. oleracea can be a host of the cyst nematode (H. schachtii). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. schachtii in B. oleracea. Contaminated soil associated with seed could be a means for dispersal, however, commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for debris and dead plant tissue to be associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. dipsaci on H. schachtii on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Lettuce Mosaic Virus (LMV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
10-165,
10-289,
10-304
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of LMV. Cabbage described as a non-host species. Only information on a member of the Brassica family as a host is Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris). Seed as pathway only described for lettuce.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of LMV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Listronotus bonariensis
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-21,
10-124
|
The Argentine stem weevil is most commonly found in fields and seed of cereals. The insect has been found on B. oleracea although it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for L. bonariensis on B. oleracea. Incidental report of an association with rape seed, however, it was considered unimportant on the crop. Distribution is limited to South America, Australia and New Zealand.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. bonariensis on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Longidorus elongatus
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
10-257,
10-282,
10-283,
10-305
|
L. elongatus is an ectoparasitic nematode living on the outer surface of host roots. It is widely distributed throughout temperate regions. It can vector of Raspberry ringspot virus and Tomato black ring virus. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of L. elongatus.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. elongatus on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Longidorus spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
10-257,
10-275
|
This is a genus of ectoparasitic nematodes. Nematode movement is primarily passive: soil, water, tools, etc. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Longidorus spp. Some other species of Brassica have been reported as host of Longidorus spp. however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Longidorus spp. in those species.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Longidorus spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Macrophomina phaseolina
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-45,
10-165,
10-240,
10-241,
10-358
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea is a host of M. phaseolina. There are some dated reports of M. phaseolina being found occassionally on other species of Brassica.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. phaseolina on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Meloidogyne spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-165,
10-246,
10-268,
10-272
|
B. oleracea is a host of root-knot nematodes including M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita, M. incognita acrita and M. javanica. The Dutch PPO PRA on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no reports have been found of seed being a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Meloidogyne spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Nacobbus aberrans
|
|
Synonym: Nacobbus batatiformis
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-245,
10-246
|
N. aberrans is known as the false root knot nematode. This nematode has been reported on B. oleracea. It is similar to Meloidogyne in that it cause knots on the roots and its growth is limited to the root zone. No references indicating seed as a pathway for N. aberrans on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of N. aberrans on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Paratrichodorus spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
Not a host
|
10-235,
10-238,
10-257
|
B. oleracea is a host of Paratrichodorus, the most common being P. minor. Very closely related to Trichodorus spp. This nematode is found worldwide. It attacks the root zone and decreases root growth. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Paratrichodorus spp. on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Paratrichodorus spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Penicillium chrysogenum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-1,
10-360
|
Only one report found indicating P. chrysogenum associated with B. oleracea seed. This was a crude survey of fungal seed contamination. The sources of the seed are not defined and Koch's postulates were not completed. No references found indicating P. chrysogenum as a causal agent of disease on B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove superficial contaminants.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. chrysogenum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Penicillium funiculosum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-1,
10-361
|
Only one report found indicating P. funiculosum associated with B. oleracea seed. This was a crude survey of fungal seed contamination. The sources of the seed are not defined and Koch's postulates were not completed. No references found indicating P. funiculosum as a causal agent of a disease on B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would remove superficial contaminants.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. funiculosum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Phyllosticta zingiberis
|
|
Synonym: Phoma zingiberis
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-192,
10-203
|
Causal agent of leaf spot of ginger, the primary host. No references found indicating Brassica spp. as a host of P. zingiberis.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. zingiberis on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Phyllotreta cruciferae
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-198,
10-339
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for the crucifer flea beetle on crucifers. Egg laden soil could be associated with seed, however, commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for egg laden soil being associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. cruciferae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Physalospora rhodina
|
|
Anamorph: Lasiodioplodia theobromae
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-229,
10-230,
10-231,
10-363
|
P. rhodina is a pathogen of tree crops such as citrus, fig, rubber tree, Prunus spp., and others. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of P. rhodina.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. rhodina on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Phytophthora brassicae
|
|
Synonym: Phytophthora porri
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
10-92,
10-206,
10-207,
10-364
|
P. brassicae is the causal agent of Phytophthora Storage Rot of crucifers. The pathogen survives in the soil as either oospores or chlamydospores. No references found indicating seed as a pathway.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. brassicae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Phytophthora megasperma
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
10-92,
10-165,
10-208,
10-365
|
P. megasperma is the causal agent of Phytophthora Root Rot on crucifers. Survives in soil as oospores. No references found indicating seed as a pathway.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. megasperma on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Phytophthora sojae
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
10-118,
10-301,
10-366
|
The host range of P. sojae is limited to soybean (Glycine max) and closely related plants. No references found indicating that Brassica oleracea is a host of P. sojae.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. sojae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Plasmodiophora brassicae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-22,
10-48,
10-165,
10-236,
10-237
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. brassicae in B. oleracea. One report on B. napus indicated an association of resting spores with seed that had not been commerically cleaned. However, the levels detected were below those need to cause disease in a bioassay. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization would reduce the risk of contamination of the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. brassicae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pleospora herbarum
|
|
Anamorph: Stemphylium herbarum
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-165,
10-294,
10-295,
10-342,
10-368
|
Brassica oleracea is not known to be a host of Pleospora herbarum. There are very limited reports of this fungus on brassicas and the most detailed is on radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). The occurrence is incidental and Koch's postulates were not completed. Therefore, it is concluded that B. oleracea is not a host of this fungus.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Pleospora herbarum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pleospora tarda
|
|
Anamorph: Stemphylium botryosum
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-173,
10-367
|
The anamorph of P. tarda, Stemphylium botryosum, has been reported to occur on B. oleracea, however, it is not a common disease problem. One very dated reference reported the fungus was found on the seed of B. napo, B. oleracea, B. rapa, and Raphanus sativus. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. tarda on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. tarda on B. oleracea.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for P. tarda on B. oleracea.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudocercosporella capsellae
|
|
Teleomorph: Mycosphaerella capsellae
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-92,
10-162,
10-163,
10-164,
10-165,
10-369
|
Both the anamorph and teleomorph of the fungus are causal agents of White Leaf Spot of crucifers. One reference indicates seed was not a pathway under experimental conditions. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. capsellae in B. oleracea. This pathogen has been found on seed in the pod on B napus but, transmission rarely occurs.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. capsellae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pythium aphanidermatum
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
10-52,
10-165,
10-219,
10-220,
10-371
|
P. aphanidermatum is a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen. On B. oleracea it is considered a minor pathogen. No references found indicating seed as pathway for P. aphanidermatum on B. oleracea. One reference implies seed as a pathway on B. napus but no data is presented.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. aphanidermatum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pythium irregulare
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
10-78,
10-193,
10-194,
10-372
|
P. irregulare is not commonly found on B. oleracea but it has been reported. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. irregulare in B. oleracea. P. irregulare is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. irregulare on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pythium spp.
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
|
B. oleracea is a host of various species of Pythium (see other Pythium entries). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Pythium spp. in B. oleracea. Primary source of inoculum is oospores in soil or dead root tissue.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Pythium spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pythium tracheiphilum
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
10-13,
10-171,
10-172
|
This fungus is not commonly found on Brassicas. There is one report of it causing a leaf and head rot on chinese cabbage. Pathogenic on cauliflower tested in vitro. No references found indicating seed as a pathway in Brassicas.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. tracheiphilum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pythium ultimum
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
10-76,
10-165,
10-215,
10-373
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. ultimum in B. oleracea. Primary source of inoculum is oospores in soil or dead root tissue.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. ultimum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Radish mosaic virus
(RaMV)
|
|
Synonym: Radish enation mosaic virus
|
Virus
|
No
|
10-34,
10-96,
10-165,
10-184,
10-185,
10-186
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for RaMV. Transmitted by vectors (several beetle species), by mechanical inoculation and by grafting. Seed transmission experiments unsuccessful. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of RaMV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Radopholus similis
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-209,
10-214,
10-256,
10-293,
10-311
|
R. similis is a burrowing nematode that is common in tropical and subtropical regions and is most common on banana. It is an endophyte of the roots only. It can attack B. oleracea, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. similis in B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. similis on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Ramularia armoraciae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-205,
10-260,
10-374
|
R. armoraciae is the causal agent of a leaf spot of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana). No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of R. armoraciae.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. armoraciae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
10-22,
10-48,
10-92,
10-165,
10-271,
10-315,
10-337
|
Seed lots can be contaminated with sclerotia and dormant mycelium. Seed is a known pathway for S. sclerotiorum in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.
|
Yes
|
Visual seed inspection method, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
10-23,
10-270
|
A sample of seed could be visually inspected for sclerotia associated with the seed. A seed test is commercially available.
|
Yes
|
Biopesticide (seed coating)
|
10-66
|
One reference has experimental use of bioagents. In addition, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Sclerotinia spp.
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
|
The species of Sclerotinia associated with B. oleracea is S. sclerotiorum. See that entry for details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Septoria apiicola
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-5,
10-92,
10-165,
10-342,
10-375
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of S apiicola. The host range of this fungus is primarily in the Apiaciae. Only one reference found indicating infection in the Brassicaceae (Raphanus sativus). Isolations were made from locally grown seed and Koch's postulates were not completed. Therefore, this report is discounted.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. apiicola on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Spodoptera littoralis
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-196,
10-199,
10-202,
10-242
|
B. oleracea is a host of the Egyptian cottonworm. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. littoralis on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. littoralis on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Streptomyces scabies
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-188,
10-189,
10-190,
10-376
|
S. scabies has been reported on some species of Brassica, however, it is not commonly reported on B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. scabies in B oleracea. The pathogen is limited to underground plant parts. No evidence of systemic infection.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. scabies on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Thanatephorus cucumeris
|
|
Synonym: Rhizoctonia solani
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-111,
10-112,
10-165
|
A very common soil borne pathogen with a great diversity of host plants. Some references state seed can be a pathway, however, no data is presented to support these statements. A quality systems approach in the production of the seed through field inspections, routine cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for sclerotia being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found, however, a sample of seed could be visually inspected for sclerotia associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed coating and seed treatment)
|
10-11,
10-17,
10-19,
10-35,
10-55
|
Various treatments have been described. In addition, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Theba pisana
|
|
Synonym: Helix pisana
|
Insect
|
No
|
10-296,
10-297
|
T. pisana is known as the garden white snail which can be associated with plants of B. oleracea but there are no references indicating seed as a pathway for T. pisana in B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would eliminate the presence of the pest. This mollusc can be transported long distances on plant material.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. pisana on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
10-183,
10-187,
10-273,
10-274
|
TRV is not commonly known as a serious problem on B. oleracea, although it can be a host. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for TRV on B. oleracea. One very dated reference shows seed transmission in Capsella bursa-pastoris (Shepherd's purse) at a very low rate, however, this is only under experimental conditions.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Tobacco Rattle Virus on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
10-92,
10-109,
10-165,
10-201
|
TBRV is not known to infect B. oleracea. One dated report suggests that cabbage might have been susceptible when inoculated. No other references found indicating that B. oleracea is a host of TBRV. Given this information, B. oleracea is considered not a host.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TBRV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Trichodorus spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-165,
10-181,
10-257,
10-292
|
The stubby root nematode has been reported to occur on B. oleracea, however, it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Trichodorus spp. in B. oleracea. The nematode can vector Tobacco Rattle Virus.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Trichodorus spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
10-3,
10-57,
10-75,
10-92,
10-122,
10-165,
10-280
|
B. oleracea is a host of TuMV which is primarily aphid transmitted. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for TuMV in B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TuMV on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Verticillium albo-atrum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-82,
10-100,
10-165,
10-178,
10-217,
10-218,
10-377
|
The causal agents of Verticillium Wilt of B. oleracea are V. dahliae and V. longisporum. There is only one very dated report of V. albo-atrum occurring on B. oleracea and the information is very limited. No other references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of V. albo-atrum. Given this information, B. oleracea is considered not a host.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of V. albo-atrum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-150,
10-165,
10-170,
10-257,
10-292
|
The dagger nematode has been reported to occur on B. oleracea, however, it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for X. diversicaudatum on B. oleracea. This is an ectoparasitic nemtode that lives primarily on outer surface of host roots.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. diversicaudatum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Xiphinema spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-139,
10-165,
10-257,
10-292
|
The dagger nematode has been reported to occur on B. oleracea, however, it is not common. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Xiphinema spp. on B. oleracea. This is an ectoparasitic nemtode that lives primarily on outer surface of host roots.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Xiphinema spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
|
|
Synonym: Rhizobium radiobacter
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
10-127,
10-137
|
B. oleracea can be a host of A. tumefasciens which is the causal agent of crown gall. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for A. tumefaciens in B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. tumefaciens on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Corynebacterium betae
|
|
Synonym: Curtobacterium flaccumfasciens pv. betae
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
10-259,
10-281
|
C. betae is the causal agent of silvering disease in sugar beets and red beets. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Corynebacterium betae.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. betae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Erwinia chrysanthemi
|
|
Synonym: Dickeya chrysanthemi
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
10-42,
10-261,
10-262
|
B. oleracea is not commonly known to be a host of E. chrysanthemi. Some sources list Brassicas as a host of this bacterium, however, no specific references were found indicating Brassica oleracea as a host of E. chrysanthemi.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. chrysanthemi on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudomonas cichorii
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
10-61,
10-88,
10-213,
10-226,
10-276,
10-277,
10-278
|
B. oleracea is not a common host of P. cichorii. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. cichorii in B. oleracea. P. cichorii is pathogenic on a number of vegetables and most notably on lettuce and basil.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. cichorii on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
10-165,
10-224,
10-225,
10-226
|
Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis is the causal agent of head rot of brassicas, marginal leaf spot of lettuce and infects a number of other vegetables. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. marginalis pv. marginalis in B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. marginalis pv. marginalis on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. alisalensis
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
10-92,
10-117,
10-284
|
Causal agent of bacterial blight. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. s. pv. alisalensis in B. oleracea. Some authors imply and suggest that seed might be involved, however, no evidence is presented.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. s. pv. alisalensis on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
10-92,
10-165,
10-222,
10-223,
10-340,
10-341
|
This bacterium is a pathogen of sugar beet, some other vegetables and some cereals. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. s. pv. aptata on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. spec.
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
10-79,
10-165,
10-342
|
No references found of B. oleracea being a host of P. syringae pv spec. Could find no validation of the bacterial name. Only one report on Camelina sativa (false flax). Inoculation of other brassicas did not result in infection.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. spec on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
10-92,
10-165,
10-200,
10-342
|
No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of P.syringae pv syringae.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. s. pv. syringae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudomonas viridiflava
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
10-56,
10-92,
10-287,
10-288,
10-342
|
P. viridiflava has been reported as the causal agent of a head rot in B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. viridiflava on B. oleracea. One dated reference found an association of P. viridiflava on one seed lot of radish (Raphanus sativa), however, the origin, history and handling of the seed lot was unclear and transmission not demonstrated.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. viridiflava on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Rhodococcus fascians
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
10-210,
10-211,
10-212,
10-213,
10-313
|
R. fascians is the causal agent of leafy gall in a wide range of hosts including some members of B. oleracea. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. fascians in B. oleracea. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. fascians on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Yes
|
10-8,
10-69,
10-306,
10-307,
10-324,
10-325
|
This pathovar is the causal agent of Xanthomonas leaf spot. It is very closely related to X. campestris pv campestris. The disease is more important on horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) but does occur on B. oleracea. Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas campestris pv armoraciae in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot. Researchers do not fully support this pathotype. Some of the isolates fit the species X. campestris pv. raphani while other isolates fit one of the races of X. c. pv. campestris.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods, Serological methods
|
10-8,
10-9,
10-14,
10-56,
10-68,
10-89,
10-90,
10-101,
10-102,
10-105,
10-106,
10-115,
10-269,
10-270
|
There are several methods described for detection of Xca on B. oleracea seed. A seed test method using dilution plating is commercially available
|
Yes
|
Physical
|
10-16,
10-86,
10-87,
10-93,
10-98
|
Various treatments have been described. Seed treatments are commercially available.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
|
|
Synonym: Xanthomonas vesicatoria
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
10-74,
10-195
|
X. c. pv. vesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. No reports found indicating Brassica oleracea is a host of X. campestris pv vesicatoria. An earlier report of X. c. pv. vesicatoria of Brassicaceae and Solanaceae has been reclassified to X. c. pv. raphani. See X. campestris pv campestris entry.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. c. pv. vesicatoria on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Xanthomonas cucurbitae
|
|
Synonym: Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
10-72,
10-298,
10-299,
10-300
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae (preferred name) is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of most cucurbits and the host range is limited to cucurbits. No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of X. cucurbitae. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. cucurbitae on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Trogoderma granarium
|
|
|
Insect
|
Not a host
|
10-27,
10-38,
10-39,
10-59,
10-62,
10-67,
10-381,
10-382,
10-383
|
No references found indicating that B. oleracea can be affected by T. granarium or that B. oleracea is a host. T. granarium, commonly known as the Khapra beetle, is usually associated with grains and cereals. Most damage occurs in storage warehouses. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. granarium on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Trogoderma spp.
|
|
|
Insect
|
Not a host
|
10-27,
10-38,
10-39,
10-59,
10-62,
10-67
|
No references found indicating that B. oleracea can be affected by T. granarium or that B. oleracea is a host. T. granarium, commonly known as the Khapra beetle, is usually associated with grains and cereals. Most damage occurs in storage warehouses. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. granarium on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pratylenchus spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
10-165,
10-216,
10-257
|
B. oleracea can be a host of certain species of Pratylenchus (lesion nematodes), the most common being Pratylenchus penetrans. It is distributed worldwide. The nematode is associated with the root zone and causes lesions on the root cortex. In later stage infections it may enter the vascular tissue, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Pratylenchus spp. on B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Pratylenchus spp. on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Phomopsis vexans
|
|
Synonym: Phoma solani; Teleomorph: Diaporthe vexans
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
10-46,
10-322,
10-323,
10-362
|
Host range of P. vexans is limited primarily to Solanum melongena (eggplant). No references found indicating B. oleracea as a host of P. vexans.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. vexans on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-4,
10-57,
10-81,
10-92,
10-113,
10-281,
10-285,
10-286
|
Causal agent of peppery leaf spot in crucifers. In the literature some of reports attributed to P. s. pv maculicola may have been caused by P.s. pv. alisalensis. Symptoms are very similar. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic fruit), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Dilution Plating methods
|
10-99,
10-270,
10-279
|
No references found describing a seed test for P. syringae pv maculicola on B. oleracea. A seed test method using dilution plating is commercially available.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found describing a seed treatment for P. syringae pv maculicola on B. oleracea.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Alternaria brassicae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
10-53,
10-60,
10-64,
10-92,
10-112,
10-130,
10-133,
10-165,
10-308,
10-345
|
A. brassicae is one of the causal agents of black spot of crucifers. A. brassicae is more destructive on oil yielding Brassica crops. The pathogen has been reported from almost every continent on Brassica crops. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic plants), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Molecular methods
|
10-23,
10-77,
10-270,
10-279
|
A seed test using a blotter method is commercially available.
One reference indicates a DNA based test, however, the method has not been validated completely.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed treatment)
|
10-7,
10-55,
10-70,
10-112,
10-130
|
Seed treatments, including physical, biological and chemical, are reported to be effective in controlling the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Alternaria brassicicola
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
10-53,
10-60,
10-64,
10-92,
10-112,
10-125,
10-126,
10-128,
10-130,
10-165,
10-346
|
A. brassicicola is one of the causal agents of black spot of crucifers. Reported to be more common on vegetable crops compared to oil crops in the Brassicaceae family. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic plants), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Dilution Plating methods
|
10-20,
10-33,
10-43,
10-97,
10-270,
10-279
|
A seed test using a blotter method is commercially available.
Some references indicate agar methods but these are not completely validated.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed coating)
|
10-7,
10-16,
10-20,
10-30,
10-49,
10-55,
10-70,
10-112,
10-130,
10-319
|
Seed treatments, including physical, biological and chemical, are reported to be effective in controlling the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Alternaria japonica
|
|
Synonym: Alternaria raphani
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
10-20,
10-33,
10-128,
10-129,
10-165
|
A. japonica is one of the causal agents of black spot of crucifers. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic plants), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Molecular methods
|
10-33,
10-77,
10-97,
10-135,
10-270,
10-279
|
A seed test using a blotter method is commercially available for related species of Alternaria.
Some references indicate agar methods but not completely validated.
One reference indicates a DNA based test, however, the method has not been validated completely.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed treatment)
|
10-7,
10-16,
10-70,
10-112,
10-129,
10-130,
10-319
|
Seed treatments, including physical, biological and chemical, are reported to be effective in controlling the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Colletotrichum higginsianum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-23,
10-156,
10-165
|
C. higginsianum is the causal agent of anthracnose B. oleracea, however, it is most common on Raphanus sativus (radish) and B. rapa (turnip). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. higginsianum in B. oleracea. Dated references only make suggestions that seed may be a pathway in radish and no data is provided. Commercial cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. higginsianum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Albugo candida
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Yes
|
10-22,
10-80,
10-107,
10-140,
10-141,
10-143,
10-290,
10-380
|
A. candida is the causal agent of white rust of crucifers and the fungus is found in most areas of the world. It is most severe on B. rapa but also occurs on B. oleracea. Oospores survive in soil and can be associated with seed. For B. rapa, it has been shown that oospores associated with seed can cause higher levels of disease in the field. However, A. candida is not known to be a threat to commercial seed lots of B. oleracea. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of B. oleracea seed would reduce the potential for oospore contamination of seed.
|
No
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
10-143
|
There is a method outlined to count oospores in the reference cited. However, it is not a validated seed test method.
|
No
|
|
10-142
|
Research has found no single management practice to be superior at controlling the disease. A combination of cultural, resistant varieties and chemical control is needed.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Pyrenopeziza brassicae
|
|
Anamorph: Cylindrosporium concentricum
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-92,
10-165,
10-166,
10-167,
10-168,
10-169,
10-318,
10-370
|
P. brassicae is the causal agent of light leaf spot of crucifers. Information on seed as a pathway is based primarily on experimental inoculation of plants. Seed harvested from these plants were infected with the fungus and in one reference transmission to seedlings did occur. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. brassicae in B oleracea. A quality systems approach in the production of the seed through field inspections would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed. Routine cleaning and sanitization of the seed would reduce the risk of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
10-166
|
Only experimental information available, surface sterilized seed placed on sterile blotter paper to dry before placing on PDA and incubated at 18ºC
|
No
|
|
10-10,
10-318
|
Treatments mentioned in the literature are field foliar applications to limit the disease. No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Rhizopus stolonifer
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-1,
10-97,
10-342
|
R. stolonifer can cause a head rot of crucifers. The primary information for seed as a pathway are two references wherein local seed sources were plated onto a general agar medium or a blotter and R. stolonifer was found as a superficial contaminant. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. stolonifer on B. oleracea. Routine harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would limit the threat of this organism being associated with the seed. It was also shown that Brassica seed extract had an inhibitory effect on R. stolonifer.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. stolonifer on B. oleracea seed.
|
No
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
10-45,
10-97
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for R. stolonifer on B. oleracea seed. References listed describe experimental incubation methods.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-22,
10-57,
10-92,
10-165,
10-267,
10-359
|
Causal agent of ring spot of B. oleracea which is a cool weather disease. Some references suggest that seed may be a pathway whereas others state seed is not a pathway. No references found with data that clearly shows seed as a pathway. Crop debris is the most common source of inoculum. Seed may be a pathway if plant debris is associated with the seed. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting (avoiding infected plants), cleaning and sanitization of brassica seed would reduce the potential for this organism to be associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for M. brassicicola on B. oleracea.
|
Yes
|
Physical
|
10-55
|
One reference indicates that a hot water treatment will control ring spot.
A seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-3,
10-6,
10-41,
10-75,
10-91,
10-108,
10-165
|
TYMV does infect B. oleracea and there are reports of seed being a pathway in other species and genera of Brassicaceae. Only one citation found indicating seed as a pathway in B. oleracea, however, the reference was inaccessible. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for TYMV in B. oleracea. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
Grow-out methods, Serological methods
|
10-41
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for TYMV in B. oleracea. Experimental evaluation using a combination of grow out and ELISA is described for detection of TYMV in B. napus.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found describing a seed treatment for TYMV on B. oleracea.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Verticillium dahliae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-57,
10-92,
10-100,
10-165,
10-178,
10-217,
10-218,
10-317,
10-378
|
Verticillium longisporum is the primary causal agent of Verticillium Wilt of B. oleracea, however, V. dahliae can infect B. oleracea. The role of V. dahliae is not entirely clear. Some references state seed as a pathway for V. dahliae in B. oleracea but no data is presented. See Verticillium longisporum entry. Experimental inoculation on B. napus found no trace of the fungus in seeds. A quality systems approach in the production of the seed through field inspections, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for V. dahliae on B. oleracea.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Verticillium longisporum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-92,
10-100,
10-165,
10-178,
10-217,
10-218,
10-317,
10-379
|
V. longisporum is the primary causal agent of Verticillium Wilt on B. oleracea. Some references state that seed is a pathway for V. longisporum in B. oleracea but no data is presented. A quality systems approach in the production of the seed through field inspections, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for V. longisporum on B. oleracea.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Hyaloperonospora parasitica
|
|
Synonym: Peronospora parasitica
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-2,
10-84,
10-110,
10-165,
10-234
|
H. peronospora is the causal agent of Downy Mildew of B. oleracea. There are conflicting reports on whether seed is a pathway for this fungus in B. oleracea. It has been suggested that oospores may be associated with seed, however, this has not been verified under natural conditions. Seed as a pathway has been shown for some other members of the Brassica family. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and the normal harvesting, cleaning and sanitization of seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
Grow-out methods
|
10-2,
10-84,
10-110
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for H. parasicita on B. oleracea.There are some experimental methods used to evaluate radish seed for the fungus.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
10-85,
10-116
|
Two references found indicating seed treatments may be effective after emergence. In addition, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Aster Yellows
|
|
Synonym: Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris
|
Mollicute (spiroplasma, phytoplasma)
|
No
|
10-18,
10-92,
10-151,
10-152,
10-153,
10-165,
10-269,
10-384,
10-385
|
Aster Yellows phytoplasma is transmitted by a variety of polyphagous leafhopper species and has a wide range of plant hosts. One reference detected DNA in the tissue of seed and seedlings of B. rapa, however, the phytoplasma was not detected. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Aster Yellows in B. oleracea.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Aster Yellows on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Alternaria alternata
|
|
Synonym: Alternaria tenuis
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
10-32,
10-33,
10-64,
10-97,
10-128,
10-130,
10-131
|
The most common species of Alternaria associated with B. oleracea are A. brassicicola, A. brassicae and A. japonica. There are reports of A. alternata found associated with B. oleracea, however, these were considered opportunistic situations. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic plants), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
10-270,
10-279
|
There is no validated method specifically for A. alternata on B. oleracae, however, there are commercially available seed tests for other species of Alternaria on B. oleracea.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating), Biopesticide (seed treatment)
|
10-55,
10-130
|
Seed treatments are reported to be effective in controlling the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Yes
|
10-71,
10-92,
10-103,
10-104,
10-309,
10-310
|
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.
|
Yes
|
Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Serological methods
|
10-8,
10-9,
10-14,
10-56,
10-68,
10-89,
10-90,
10-101,
10-102,
10-105,
10-106,
10-115,
10-269,
10-270,
10-386
|
An ISF method is described for untreated seed (composed of a workflow of methods including seed-extract qPCR, dilution plating, identification qPCR and pathogenicity assay) and an ISTA method is described for disinfested/disinfected seed (dilution plating, confirmation PCR, pathogenicity assay).
|
Yes
|
Physical
|
10-16,
10-86,
10-87,
10-93,
10-98
|
Various treatments have been described. Seed treatments are commercially available.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Yes
|
10-306,
10-310,
10-325
|
This pathovar is most common on radish (Raphanus sativus) but also occurs on B. oleracea.The bacterium has a wider host range that includes the family Solanaceae. Causes leaf spotting and seed is a pathway for Xanthomonas campestris pv raphanus in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot. There have been discussions questioning if X.c pv. raphani should be a distinct pathovar or perhaps a distinct race within X. campestris pv. campestris.
|
Yes
|
Molecular methods, Dilution Plating methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods, Serological methods
|
10-8,
10-9,
10-14,
10-56,
10-68,
10-89,
10-90,
10-101,
10-102,
10-105,
10-106,
10-115,
10-269,
10-270,
10-386
|
An ISF method is described for untreated seed (composed of a workflow of methods including seed-extract qPCR, dilution plating, identification qPCR and pathogenicity assay) and an ISTA method is described for disinfested/disinfected seed (dilution plating, confirmation PCR, pathogenicity assay).
|
Yes
|
Physical
|
10-16,
10-86,
10-87,
10-93,
10-98
|
Various treatments have been described. Seed treatments are commercially available.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Phoma lingam
|
|
Synonym: Leptosphaeria maculans
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
10-4,
10-92,
10-165,
10-232,
10-233
|
Seed is a known pathway for P. lingam (Leptosphaeria maculans) in B. oleracea and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed lots by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.
|
Yes
|
Molecular methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
10-31,
10-83,
10-115,
10-270,
10-279
|
A validated ISTA incubation method (blotter and plating) is available. A DNA method is described for the detection in canola.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
10-7,
10-28,
10-30
|
Chemical and physical treatments are effective against the fungus.
|
|
Brassica spp.
|
Brassica
|
Fusarium avenaceum
|
|
Synonym: Gibberella avenacea (teleomorph)
|
Fungus
|
No
|
10-264,
10-265,
10-266,
10-357
|
The fungus is a ubiquitous soil borne pathogen. F. avenaceum is reported to be the causal agent of an occassional head rot of stored cabbage and broccoli. One report of a head rot occurring in the field. No reports found of seed being a pathway for F. avenaceum in B. oleracea. It can be seedborne in grains and clover.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. avenaceum on B. oleracea seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Athelia rolfsii
|
|
Anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii
|
Fungus
|
No
|
1-23,
1-40,
1-73
|
Pepper is a host, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for A. rolfsii in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. rolfsii on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Corcyra cephalonica
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-158,
1-159,
1-160
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for the rice meal moth on pepper. This insect is associated with rice, corn, soybean and other grains. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) extracts are sometimes used to control the insect.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. cephalonica on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Dacus spp.
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-77
|
Fruit flies can cause injury to pepper fruit, however no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Dacus spp. in pepper. Dispersal occurs when the insect is associated with fresh fruit. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of these insects being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Dacus spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Diaprepes abbreviatus
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-195,
1-196
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for the citrus weevil on pepper. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. abbreviatus on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Ditylenchus destructor
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
1-79,
1-169
|
Pepper is a very minor host of the potato rot nematode. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. destructor in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. destructor on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Ditylenchus dipsaci
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
1-79,
1-168
|
Pepper is a very minor host of the stem and bulb nematode. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for D. dipsaci in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. dipsaci on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Frankliniella spp.
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-194,
1-199
|
Thrips can cause injury to peppers, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Frankliniella spp. in pepper. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of thrips being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Frankliniella spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Gonocephalum spp.
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-161,
1-162
|
Wireworms can be a pest of the lower stems of peppers. The insect is usually found in the soil. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Gonocephalum spp. on pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Gonocephalum spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Helicoverpa assulta
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-163,
1-164
|
The oriental tobacco budworm can feed on pepper fruits. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. assulta on pepper. The cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. assulta on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Helicoverpa zea
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-165
|
The corn earworm can feed on pepper fruits. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for H. zea on pepper. The cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of H. zea on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Longidorus spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
1-183
|
This nematode has been reported on pepper plants, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for Longidorus spp. on peppers or other hosts.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Longidorus spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pseudocercospora fuligena
|
|
Synonym: Cercospora fuligena
|
Fungus
|
No
|
1-83
|
Pepper as a host has only been shown experimentally. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. fuligena in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. fuligena on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Liriomyza trifolii
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-181,
1-182
|
Pepper is not reported as a common host of the American serpentine leafminer and no references found indicating seed as a pathway for L. trifolii on peppers or any other hosts. Leaf miners are easily transported with plant material such as cut flowers, branches with foliage and leafy vegetables. Seed is not known as one of the plant materials for spread of leaf miners.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. trifolii on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Macrophomina phaseolina
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
1-145,
1-148
|
M. phaseolina is the causal agent of charcoal rot of pepper. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for M. phaseolina in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in some crops such as soybean.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. phaseolina on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Meloidogyne spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
1-154
|
The PRA prepared by the Dutch Plant Protection Office on Meloidogyne minor clearly states that this genera of nematodes are not associated with seed. In addition, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for this genus of nematodes in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Meloidogyne spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Nacobbus aberrans
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
1-184
|
Pepper is a host of the false root-knot nematode. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for N. aberrans on peppers or other hosts.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of N. aberrans on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pepper mild mosaic virus (PMMsV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-121
|
The designation PMMsV is taken from the website reference.This is a Potyvirus and even though the name is similar, it has no relation to Tobamovirus pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV). Limited reports of this potyvirus. This virus name Pepper mild mosaic virus is not recognized by the American Phytopathological Society (APS), the CABI Crop Compendium (CPC), the Association of Applied Biologists (AAB-DPV website) or The International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). No references found indicating seed as a pathway for PMMsV in peppers.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of PMMsV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phytophthora capsici
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
1-40
|
P. capsici is the causal agent of Phytophthora blight on peppers. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. capsici in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. capsici on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phytophthora cryptogea
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-132,
1-145
|
Pepper is published as a host of P. cryptogea, however, the relevance of the publication is doubtful. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. cryptogea in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. cryptogea on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Potato virus A (PVA)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-40,
1-209
|
Pepper as a host of PVA is limited. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for PVA in any crop.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of PVA on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pseudomonas corrugata
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
1-29,
1-93,
1-203
|
Pepper is a limited host, however, it can occur, especially when infected tomatoes are nearby. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. corrugata in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in tomato.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. corrugata on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
1-18,
1-40,
1-43,
1-94,
1-95,
1-239
|
Pepper is reported as a host and some references found that suggest or state that seed can be a pathway for P. syringae pv. syringae in pepper. However, these references have no scientific data to support these statements. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P.
syringae pv. syringae in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in beans.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. syringae on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Thaumatotibia leucotreta
|
|
Synonym: Cryptophlebia leucotreta
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-149,
1-150
|
The false codling moth is a pest of pepper. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for T. leucotreta in pepper. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of this insect being associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of T. leucotreta on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pseudomonas viridiflava
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
1-31,
1-59,
1-93,
1-96,
1-167
|
This bacterium has been reported to cause a leaf blight in peppers but no reports found indicating seed as a pathway for P. viridiflava in pepper. Seed as a pathway shown experimentally in tomato.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. viridiflava on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Xanthomonas perforans
|
|
Synonym: Xanthomonas vesicatoria
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
1-15,
1-26,
1-28,
1-115,
1-116
|
X. perforans is not pathogenic on pepper. X. perforans is one of the species of Xanthomonas that causes bacterial spot of tomato. No references found indicating pepper as a host of X. perforans.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. perforans on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Rhizopus arrhizus
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
1-46
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. arrhizus in pepper. The fungus can cause a post harvest decay of pepper fruit.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. arrhizus on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Rhodococcus fascians
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
1-5,
1-48,
1-241
|
Pepper is minor host of this bacterium. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. fascians in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. fascians on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
1-49,
1-52,
1-53,
1-156,
1-157,
1-242
|
Sclerotinia on peppers (white mold) is considered a minor disease. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for S. sclerotiorum on pepper. A very common soilborne pathogen with a great diversity of host plants. Seed harvesting (avoiding infected fruit), cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the threat of the fungus being associated with the seed. Seed can be a pathway for the fungus on soybeans.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. sclerotiorium on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Spodoptera littoralis
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-197,
1-198
|
The Egyptian cottonworm has a very wide host range including pepper. No references were found indicating seed as a pathway for S. littoralis in pepper. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. littoralis on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-45,
1-84,
1-103,
1-185,
1-186
|
Pepper is a host of TRV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TRV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in a number of weeds.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TRV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-138,
1-190,
1-191
|
Pepper is a host of TRSV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TRSV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in soybean and weeds.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TRSV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Tobacco streak virus (TSV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-16,
1-40,
1-172,
1-212,
1-246
|
Pepper is a host of TSV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TSV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in a number of crops and some weeds.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TSV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Tomato aspermy virus (TAV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-40,
1-187,
1-192,
1-213
|
Pepper is a host of TAV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TAV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway for TAV in some weeds.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TAV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina
|
|
Synonym: Peronospora tabacina
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
1-55,
1-166
|
Pepper as a host of this fungus is secondary and rare. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina in pepper. Host range restricted primarily to the genus Nicotiana. Seed is not a pathway in Nicotiana.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-30,
1-37,
1-103,
1-191,
1-214
|
Pepper is a host of TBRV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for TBRV in pepper. Some dated references indicate seed as a pathway in a number of crops and weeds. However, the data is based on experimental work and the methods used were outdated and not representative of commercial practices.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TBRV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-2,
1-9,
1-13,
1-51,
1-247
|
TBSV is a soilborne virus with no known vectors. It is moved through water and may enter roots through wounds. Pepper can be a host but it is not a common occurrence. One dated reference cites earlier experimental work that suggests that seed may be a pathway for TBSV in tomato and pepper. However, neither of these references are accessible for review. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for TBSV in pepper. See TBSV entry in the tomato pest list for details on that crop.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TBSV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-27,
1-30,
1-33,
1-44,
1-188,
1-189,
1-191
|
Pepper is a host of ToRSV, however, no references found indicating seed as a pathway for ToRSV in pepper. Seed can be a pathway in soybean, raspberry, strawberry and weeds.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of ToRSV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Verticillium dahliae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
No
|
1-108,
1-109,
1-110,
1-111,
1-112,
1-113,
1-114
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for V. dahliae in pepper. Seed transmission in tomato has been shown to be unimportant. Seed as a pathway has been shown for spinach and experimentally in lettuce.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of V. dahliae on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Xiphinema spp.
|
|
|
Nematode
|
No
|
1-145,
1-170,
1-171
|
Pepper is a very minor host for this nematode. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Xiphinema spp. in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Xiphinema spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Didymella lycopersici
|
|
Anamorph: Phoma lycopersici
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-144,
1-145,
1-219
|
Tomato is the primary host of D. lycopersici in nature. Some other solanceous plants were reported to be susceptible when inoculated. One reference found indicating Didymella lycopersici caused a disease on pepper. However, fungal identification was not clear and Koch’s postulates were not completed. This reference also indicated an association of the fungus with seed of pepper, however, the methods used may have biased the data. No other reports found indicating pepper as a host of D. lycopersici or seed as a pathway for D. lycopersici in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. lycopersici on pepper seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for D. lycopersici on pepper.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Dickeya chrysanthemi
|
|
Synonym: Erwinia chrysanthemi
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
1-19,
1-40,
1-145,
1-204
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of D. chrysanthemi. Pepper fruit inoculated experimentally in one report.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of D. chrysanthemi on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
|
|
Synonym: P. s. pv. punctulans
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
1-61,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. syringae pv. tomato. This bacterium is the causal agent of bacterial speck on tomato.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. tomato on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Bactrocera spp.
|
Common species: B. latifrons, B. facialis
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-193
|
Fruit flies can cause injury to pepper fruit. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Bactrocera spp. in pepper. Dispersal occurs when the insect is associated with fresh fruit. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitization should remove the threat of these insects being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Bactrocera spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Alternaria brassicicola
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-22,
1-25,
1-54,
1-58,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of A. brassicicola. This fungus is a pathogen of crucifers.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. brassicicola on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phomopsis vexans
|
|
Synonym: Phoma solani
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-56,
1-91,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. vexans. This fungus is the causal agent of Phomopsis blight of eggplant.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. vexans on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Alternaria dauci
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-32,
1-97,
1-143,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of A. dauci. The fungus is the causal agent of Alternaria leaf blight on carrots and other umbelliferous plants.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. dauci on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Alternaria raphani
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-68,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of A raphani. The fungus is pathogenic on certain crucifers.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. raphani on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Ascochyta spp.
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-69,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of Ascochyta spp.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Ascochyta spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Chilli mosaic virus
|
|
|
Virus
|
Not a host
|
1-11,
1-40,
1-139
|
Invalid virus name! Tthis name does not exist in the ICTV master species list (reference 1-139). Information available on the internet is inaccurate.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Chilli mosaic virus on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Alternaria radicina
|
|
Synonym: Stemphylium radicinum
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-97,
1-143,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of A. radicina. The fungus is the causal agent of black rot on carrots and other umbelliferous plants.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of A. radicina on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. spinaceae
|
|
Synonym: Colletotrichum dematium
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of C. dematium f. sp. spinaceae. The fungus is the causal agent of anthracnose of spinach.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. dematium f. sp. spinaceae on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Colletotrichum truncatum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of C. truncatum. The fungus is the causal agent of anthracnose of soybean.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. truncatum on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Columnea latent viroid (CLVd)
|
|
|
Viroid
|
Not a host
|
1-152,
1-237,
1-238,
1-249
|
CLVd is a pospiviroid that is found on a number of herbaceous plants. Pepper was reported as a symptomless host only when inoculated under experimental conditions. No references found indicating pepper as a host of CLVd under natural conditions. Tomato is a known host.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of CLVd on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Ralstonia solanacearum
|
|
Synonym: Pseudomonas solanacearum
|
Bacterium
|
No
|
1-40,
1-206
|
Pepper is a host of P. solanacearum, the causal agent of Bacterial Wilt. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for R. solanacearum in pepper. However, there is one dated report on Capsicum frutescens wherein the bacterium was detected epiphytically on cotyledons of seedlings grown from artificially inoculated seed or artificially inoculated soil. The bacterium is a more significant disease problem on tomato.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of R. solanacearum on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Erysiphe heraclei
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-80,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of E. heraclei. The fungus is the causal agent of powdery mildew of plants in the Apiaceae.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of E. heraclei on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pythium aphanidermatum
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
No
|
1-232,
1-233,
1-234,
1-235
|
Pythium is a ubiquitous soil-borne pathogen. There is one reference that indicates an association of Pythium aphanidermatum with seed of Capsicum frutescens, a different species of Capsicum. The methods described are not indicative of commercial methods in that the seed was harvested from infected fruit from local grower fields and inadequately surface sterilized. Commercial harvesting of seed would avoid infected fruits and sanitizations would be much more effective than the techniques used in this reference. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. aphanidermatum in Capsicum annuum.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. aphanidermatum on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (race III)
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-86,
1-87,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (race III). The fungus is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of tomato.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (race III) on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-133,
1-134,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. The fungus is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of cotton and seed can be a pathway in that crop.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145,
1-146,
1-147
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of L. theobromae. The fungus occurs in a number of crops and seed can be a pathway certain crops such as cotton.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of L. theobromae on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Myrothecium roridum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of M. roridum.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of M. roridum on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli
|
|
Synonym: X. campestris pv. phaseoli
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-82
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli. The bacterium is the causal agent of common blight of beans.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phomopsis longicolla
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-112,
1-136,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. longicolla. The fungus is the causal agent of pod and stem blight of soybean and seed can be a pathway in that crop.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. longicolla on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phytophthora citrophthora
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. citrophthora.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. citrophthora on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phytophthora hibernalis
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
1-40
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. hibernalis.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. hibernalis on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phytophthora infestans
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-137,
1-250,
1-251,
1-252
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. infestans. Tomato and potato are hosts. In tomato, an association with seed has been shown experimentally or with seed not processed in a commercial manner. It is not certain whether seed is a pathway in tomato.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. infestans on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-17,
1-100,
1-207
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for BBWV in pepper. Seed has been reported as a pathway in faba bean.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of BBWV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phytophthora megasperma
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. megasperma.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. megasperma on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea
|
|
|
Oomycete
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea. The fungus is the causal agent of root rot of alfalfa (lucerne).
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pseudomonas mediterranea
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
1-92,
1-93,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. mediterranea. The bacterium is closely related to Psudomonas corrugata.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. mediterranea on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
1-60,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. syringae pv. lachrymans. The bacterium is the causal agent of angular leaf spot of cucurbits.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. lachrymans on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
1-18,
1-40,
1-43,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. syringae pv. tabaci. The bacterium is the causal agent of wildfire of tobacco and soybeans in which seed can be a pathway.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. syringae pv. tabaci on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Puccinia allii
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of P. allii. The fungus is the causal agent of rust on some Allium spp.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of P. allii on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Septoria petrosellini
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of S. petrosellini. The fungus is the causal agent of Septoria blight on parsley.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of S. petrosellini on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Urocystis cepulae
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-36,
1-40,
1-97,
1-107,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of U. cepulae. The fungus is the causal agent of smut of onion and other Allium spp.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of U. cepulae on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Not a host
|
1-67,
1-119,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of X. campestris pv. raphani. The bacterium is the causal agent of leafspot of radish and certain other Brassicas.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of X. campestris pv. raphani on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Ceratitis capitata
|
|
|
Insect
|
No
|
1-120,
1-236
|
C. captiata, also known as the Mediterranean fruit fly, can occasionally infested pepper fruit. Dispersal occurs when the insect is associated with fresh fruit. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. capitata on pepper seed. Commercial seed cleaning and sanitation should remove the threat of this insect being associated with seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. capitata on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Fusarium avenaceum
|
|
Teleomorph: Gibberella avenacea
|
Fungus
|
Not a host
|
1-40,
1-97,
1-145
|
No references found indicating pepper as a host of F. avenaceum. The fungus is the causal agent of a number of different diseases on different crops.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of F. avenaceum on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) (CVbMV)
|
Both acronyms for the virus are in use
|
|
Virus
|
No
|
1-38,
1-40,
1-139
|
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for ChiVMV in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of ChiVMV on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Pathway not proven
|
1-3,
1-104,
1-151,
1-217,
1-253,
1-254,
1-255,
1-256
|
Pepper can be a weak host of TYLCV. Infected plants are symptomless and the titer of the virus is low. There is conflicting information as to the extent pepper serves as a reservoir host. TYLCV is primarily vectored by whiteflies and in general seed is not considered a pathway for Geminiviruses. Although one reference was found indicating seed as a pathway for TYLCV in pepper, this research was based on the use of experimental infectious clones which may not be representative of TYLCV in nature. In addition, the data presented in this paper is flawed in that the proper negative controls were not included. When PCR positive reactions for infected plant and seed tissue were presented, there were no corresponding tests of healthy tissue types. These deficiencies raise serious questions regarding the validity of the paper. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for TYLCV in pepper.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of TYLCV on pepper seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for TYLCV on pepper. Given the serious limitations of the one reference indicating seed as a pathway for TYLCV in pepper, a seed test is NOT warranted.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating seed treatments are effective against TYLCV on pepper.
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Trogoderma spp.
|
Common species: T. granarium, T. variabile
|
|
Insect
|
Not a host
|
1-200,
1-201,
1-257,
1-258,
1-259,
1-260,
1-261,
1-262,
1-263
|
No references found indicating C. annuum can be affected by Trogoderma spp. or that C. annuum is a host. There are many Trogoderma species, which are commonly known as dermestid beetles. These insects are storage pests of grains and cereals. Most damage occurs in storage warehouses. Even in grains and cereals, eggs are not laid inside the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of Trogoderma spp. on pepper seed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum
|
|
Synonym: Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
|
Bacterium
|
Pathway not proven
|
1-81
|
P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum is the causal agent of bacterial soft of pepper fruit. One reference found indicating seed as a pathway for P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum on pepper. The bacterium was isolated from commercial seed sources, however, no history of the treatment of the seed lots was noted. Surface sterilization removed the bacterium from the seed indicating only surface contamination. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for P. carotovorum subsp carotovorum on pepper. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruits should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding symptomatic fruit), cleaning and sanitization would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Dilution Plating methods
|
1-81
|
Test described in publication, however, the method has not been validated.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed disinfection)
|
1-81
|
The reference indicates treatment of seed with 1% sodium hypochlorite is effective in eliminating the bacterium.
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Thanatephorus cucumeris
|
|
Synonym: Corticium solani, Anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
1-4,
1-23,
1-35
|
T. cucumeris is a ubiquitous soilborne pathogen with a very diverse host range. One very dated reference found R. solani in a commercial pepper seed lot, however, the conditions under which the crop was grown were unusual: several successive pepper crops in the same ground, continuously cool and wet conditions, and the pepper fruits were in constant contact with the soil. These conditions are not typical of current commercial seed productions. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for T. cucumeris in pepper. One reference evaluated pepper seed lots for fungi and found no R. solani on the seed evaluated. The primary disease on pepper by T. cucumeris is damping off. However, seed contamination might occur through infected fruit when poorly managed productions allow fruit to come in contact with moist soil. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of only healthy fruit should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting (avoiding contaminated fruit), cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the threat of the fungus being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
1-4,
1-35
|
A rudimentary technique is described, however, the method has not been validated.
|
Yes
|
Physical, Chemical (seed coating)
|
1-4
|
One older reference indicates a hot water treatment may be effective in eliminating R. solani from the seed. A seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Yes
|
1-1,
1-7,
1-39,
1-40,
1-72,
1-131,
1-141,
1-142
|
C. gleosporioides one of the causal agents of anthracnose of pepper. The disease is not commonly seen in pepper seed production areas. If fruit is infected, seed can be a pathway for C. gleosporioides in pepper. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruit should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting (avoiding infected fruit), cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
Yes
|
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
|
1-10,
1-20
|
Several methods are compared in reference 1-10.
|
Yes
|
Chemical (seed coating)
|
|
No references found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Pathway not proven
|
1-8,
1-21,
1-40,
1-64,
1-65,
1-66,
1-85,
1-155,
1-202,
1-205
|
AMV occurs worldwide and has a very extensive host range. There is little information regarding seed as a pathway for AMV in pepper. An older reference (1-85) reports that AMV may be seedborne in pepper at a low level. Reference 1-155 is scientifically flawed and should be withdrawn from the literature. No references found clearly demonstrating seed as a pathway for AMV in pepper. Seed as a pathway is well documented in alfalfa. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for AMV on pepper.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed treatment effective against AMV on pepper.
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Choanephora cucurbitarum
|
|
|
Fungus
|
Pathway not proven
|
1-70,
1-223,
1-224,
1-225
|
C. cucurbitarum is the causal agent of fruit wet rot and is usually found on cucurbits. Pepper fruits can be a host of this fungus. Disseminated by insects, rain and wind. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. cucurbitarum on pepper. Commercial seed harvesting (avoiding infected fruit), seed cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of C. cucurbitarum on pepper seed.
|
No
|
|
|
|
No
|
|
|
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
|
|
|
Bacterium
|
Pathway not proven
|
1-12,
1-40,
1-50,
1-71,
1-173,
1-174,
1-175,
1-176,
1-177,
1-178
|
C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is the causal agent of Bacterial Canker of tomato. Pepper can be a host of the bacterium, however, it is not commonly seen in pepper seed productions. Certain references state that the bacterium is seedborne in pepper. However, the only references with data are: a) experimental inoculation of flowers and b) a field situation where the plants were severely infected and seed was harvested and checked for the bacterium. Seed would not be harvested from plants in this condition in a commercial pepper seed field. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and careful selection of healthy fruit should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial harvesting (avoiding infected plants), cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed test exists for C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on pepper.
|
No
|
|
|
No references found indicating a seed treatment effective against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on pepper.
|
|
Capsicum annuum
|
Pepper
|
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
|
|
|
Virus
|
Pathway not proven
|
1-40,
1-74,
1-75,
1-76
|
CMV is found worldwide and has a very wide host range including pepper. One reference (1-74) shows experimental data related to seed as a pathway for CMV in pepper. In this work, one cultivar of pepper was inoculated with one isolate of CMV. When grown under experimental conditions the virus was detected by RT-PCR in the seeds and seedlings grown from inoculated plants. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for CMV in pepper. Industry grow outs of commercial seed lots has not found CMV infected seedlings. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
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No
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|
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No references found indicating a seed test exists for CMV on pepper.
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No
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|
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No references found indicating seed treatments are effective against CMV on pepper.
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Capsicum annuum
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Pepper
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Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd)
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|
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Viroid
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Pathway not proven
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1-122,
1-179,
1-180,
1-248
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PCFVd is a Pospiviroid whose known host range is limited to the Solanaceae and its distribution is also limited. One reference indicates seed as a pathway based on experimental data. However, another reference indicates seed is not a pathway based on experimental data. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for PCFVd in pepper. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
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Yes
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Molecular methods
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1-11
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A seed assay using RT-PCR is commercially available.
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No
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|
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No references found indicating a seed treatment effective against PCFVd in pepper.
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